• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 1994

Surveys were conducted in 66 ginseng fields damaged by insect and other an~mal pests from 1984 to 1993. Holohichio rnoroso, Holotrichio dromphalio, Holotrichia titonis Malodera orientaliq Ectinus sericeus, Gyllotalpa ofricana, Teleog~iluse mmo, Ostrinio furnacoii* Agrotis tokionis, Marnestro brassicae, Hydrellia griseolo, unidentified stem maggo$, Pseudococcus comstocki (13 species of insects). Deroceras uarions (slug), Acusta despecta sieboldiona (snail), probably two species of rats. and pheasant species were ascertained to damage ginseng plants M them, Holotrich~a morosa, Holotrichia diomphalia, Gryliotaipo africanq Deroceras uarions, Acusto despech siebaldiano showed higher frequencies. Underground (root) damage occul~ed mainly in spring penod (MayJune) and fall period (September-Odober) in 2-year-old glnseng fields at slopes, and aboveground (leaf and stem) damage occurred mainly in spring period in 3 or more-year-old ginseng iields mulched with rice straws at plains. Three ginseng fields were abolished due to heavy underground damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 1991

Densities and larval food habits of Holotrichia titanis belonging to Melolonthinae, and of Anomala corpulenta and A. mfocuprea belonging to Rutelinae, collected from surroundings of ginseng fields, were investigated to determine potentia]s as ginseng pests in scarabaeids. H. titanis had similar food habit to the ginseng pests, H. morosa and H. diomphalia, although the density of H. titanis was relatively low during the period of survey, which indicates that the scarabaeid may have potentials to be a major pest with build-up or the population in the fields. However, A. corpulenta and A. rufacuprea with higher populations than H. morose and H. dicmphalia had no or low potency as ginseng pests since they had little preference to ginseng roots or did not feed on these. The latter two species in Rutelinae showed different food habits in relation to dead organic matter.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.128-150
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• 2005

Invertebrate animals, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed other systems of biological host defense, so called innate immunity, that respond to common antigens on the cell surfaces of potential pathogens. During the past two decades, the molecular structures and functions of various defense components that participated in innate immune systems have been established in Arthropoda, such as, insects, the horseshoe crab, freshwater crayfish, and the protochordata ascidian. These defense molecules include phenoloxidases, clotting factors, complement factors, lectins, protease inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, Toll receptors, and other humoral factors found mainly in hemolymph plasma and hemocytes. These components, which together compose the innate immune system, defend invertebrate from invading bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. This review describes the present status of our knowledge concerning such defensive molecules in invertebrates.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1988

A study was carried out to investigate the morphological characteristics and life histories of H. morosa and H. diomPhalia during the period from 1984 to 1986. The head capsule width and bOdy length of H. Morosa larvae were slightly greater than those of H. diomPhalia. Otherwise, the two species looked very similar and were hard to be differentiated from each other in all life stages. H. morosa adults emerged in late June and laid eggs in soil during the period between mid July and mid August. Larvae developed by September to the last(3rd) instar which overwintered to pupate in late May. H. diomPhalia adults emerged from mid August but remained under the soil until next spring after which females laid eggs in soil from late May to early July. Larvae developed in most cases to the last instar by September and overwintered thereafter. Unlike H. morosa, they resumed feeding next April and began to pupate in late July. The egg periods of H. morosa and H. diomPhalia did not significantly differ but the larval and pupal periods of the latter were longer than those of the former.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.414-419
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• 1993

Species and seasonal occurrences of Sencinae, Melolonthinae and Rutelinae chafers captured b by blacklight traps were investigated from 1989 to 1991 in Suwon and Chonju. Numbers of s species captured in Suwon and Chonju were 6 and 6 for Sericinae, 8 and 7 for Melolothinae, 7 a and 8 for Rutelinae, 21 and 21 in total, respectively. Species with more captures from both districts in each subfamily were Maladera orientalis of Sericinae, Holotrichia morosa and H. diomphalia of Melolonthinae, and Anomala corpulenta, and A. rufocuprea of Rutelinae. Adults of t the above five species were captured 1O~20 days earlier in Chonju than in Suwon. H. d diomphalia adults occurred mamly In odd years in Chonju, which is the same pattern as in S Suwon.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.165-168
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate population dynamics of white grubs and its damages in sweet potato fields. There were three species of white grubs that fed on the roots of sweet potato in Honam area. Among them, Holofrichia parallela was a major insect pest. Damage rate of sweet potato by white grubs were about 2 to 40% differed with regions. In some region where it was severe the damage rate of sweet potato was about 80% or more. H. parallela overwintered as a late 3rd instar larvae in soil from late October to late-June, and the survival rate of them was 92%. The occurrence pattern of H. parallela larvae varied in different seasons. In sweet potato field, H. parallela larvae populations started being observed during late-July to mid.-August. The damage by the grub began to occur late-August in field and lasted to the harvest time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.28-28
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• 1991

The investigation of the kinds and density of white grubs in relation to soil texture, forages, yearsafter pasture establishment, and management methods in pasture were surveyed in Livestock ExperimentStation, Suwon by digging 5 sites($100cm{\times}100cm$) in a month from April to October during 1985.The results obtained were summarized as follows; No difference was observed in white grub speciesdivesity in relation to soil texture, forages, years after pasture establishment, and management methodof pasture, but the abundance of each species was different from the environmental factors.1. On the soil texture; Miridiba kureana, Popillia uchidai, Holotrichia mmosa and Holotrichia diomphalia occurred in the clay loam field, whereas Anomala corpulenta and Anomala mfocuprea in the sandy loam. 2. On the forage; the density of all species except Popillia uchidai was higher in grass than legume. 3. On the years after pasture extablishment; both of the species diversity and abundance were increased 3 years after pasture establishment and maximized at the 5th year.4. On the management methods of pasture; species diversity and abundance were higher in meadows thanpastures.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 1991

The investigation of the kinds and density of white grubs in relation to soil texture, forages, years after pasture establishment, and management methods in pasture were surveyed in Livestock Experiment Station, Suwon by digging 5 sites($100cm{\times}100cm$) in a month from April to October during 1985. The results obtained were summarized as follows; No difference was observed in white grub species divesity in relation to soil texture, forages, years after pasture establishment, and management method of pasture, but the abundance of each species was different from the environmental factors.1. On the soil texture; Miridiba kureana, Popillia uchidai, Holotrichia mmosa and Holotrichia diomphalia occurred in the clay loam field, whereas Anomala corpulenta and Anomala mfocuprea in the sandy loam. 2. On the forage; the density of all species except Popillia uchidai was higher in grass than legume. 3. On the years after pasture extablishment; both of the species diversity and abundance were increased 3 years after pasture establishment and maximized at the 5th year.4. On the management methods of pasture; species diversity and abundance were higher in meadows than pastures.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.81-85
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• 2003

In round numbers the 100 strains of entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated through the investigation of cultivated including the ginseng forming cultivated and forest soil samples by silkworm trap. The 28 strains of nematodes were selected among the isolated entomopathogenic nematodes that were confirmed the pathogenicity against Holotrichia morosa, Hoiotrichia diomphalia and Ectinus sericeus, the pest of korean ginseng and silkworm. Pathogenicity of the 2025, 2027, 2028, 2034, 2039 and 2057 strains was excellent. Selected entomopathogenic nematodes are classified of two species by morphologiacl and molecular studies, which were Sterinernma carpocapsae sp. and Diplogaster lethier sp.. Diagnostic characters include body length, lateral field pattern, tail shape and so on. The DNA sequences of the ITS region of rDNA shows similar to S. carpocapsae and .D. lethier. Isolated entomopathogenic nematodes were demonstrates that are quite within the realms of possibility for biological control agents of the pests of Korean Ginseng.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.83-85
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• 2007

A glycine and proline-rich antibacterial protein was cloned from larvae of a beetle, Protaetia brevitarsis. The DNAs encoded a deduced propeptide of 127 amino acid residues with predicted molecular weight of 14.0 kDa and PI of 7.89. Structural analysis of this protein indicated the presence of a recognition sequence for the cleavage site within the constitutive secretory pathway(Arg-Xaa-Lys/Arg-Arg), suggesting that mature portion(72 amino acid residues) is produced by cleavage of signal peptide and propeptide from 127 amino-acid-long precursor protein. Mature portion sequence of this protein showed 72% similarity to that of Oryctes rhinoceros Rhinocerosin and 91% to that of Holotrichia diomphalia holotricin 2. The mRNA expression was reached the highest level at 4 hrs after E. coli injection and then declined gradually.