• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.29-35
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• 2009

Pyrolysis is recently used as one of alternative methods of animal waste treatment. In this study bio-oil was produced at $550^{\circ}C$ in an auger reactor through pyrolysis process. Two pig waste mixtures were used, pig feces mixed with rice husks and pig feces mixed with sawdust. The main compositions of hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose, protein, and fat were analyzed chemically. Based on the main composition results obtained, the contents of holocellulose (the sum of hemicellulose and cellulose) and lignin had a significant positive effect on bio-oil production, and there was a significant negative effect of ash content on bio-oil yield. The interactions between the different feedstocks were evaluated, and it was concluded that the interaction between pig feces and rice husks was minimal, whereas the interaction between pig feces and sawdust was significant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1978

In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the holocellulose from Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. (8-14 yr's) was investigated using crude cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. And conducted on the optimum condition of the treated substrate for saccharification. A strain of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374 was found to be highly efficient for the cellulase productivity, especially in the submerged culture process. The culture medium used in this experiment was prepared from an extract of wheat bran consisting also of $KH_2PO_410$, $(NH_4)_2$ $SO_4$ 3, $NaNO_3$ 3, and $MgSO_4$ $7H_2O$ 0.5g/l. Cellulose powder (Toyo filter paper, 60 mesh) was found to be an importent factar for inducing the cellulase formation. And the cellulase produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate (Fig. 1) Reducing sugar was determined by the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, using reagents prepared according to the method of Sumner (1925). The results obtained were summerized as follows; 1. The method of delignification were treated by the Peracetic acid (PA) method, according to the method of Toyama (1970). The yield of holocellulose were decreased in accordance with increasing concentration of Peracetic acid solution; delignification of Alnus hirsuta Rupr. with 20% Peracetic acid was satisfied for 48 hours and 40%~60% peracetic acid was satisfied for 24 hrs: 2. The substrate (holocellulose) was changed easely into fine powder with enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulase exhibits optimum activity on the reducing sugar formation from substrate at the range of 60-100 mesh. 3. The reducing sugar formation increased in accordance with increasing dry temperature on holocellulose substrate was found to be $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. 4. The optimal heat treated time of holocellulose substrate was found to be 45 min. for the reducing sugar formation showed the best products. The reducing sugar formation did not show statisticaly significent diflerences at 5% levels by heat treated time for 45 min. and 60 min.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2022

In this study, the physical properties of the medium and changes in the wood chemical composition of the sawdust were investigated during the cultivation of oak mushroom sawdust bags, and the following results were obtained. After inoculation, the weight of the medium decreased during the incubation period. It is determined that this is not due to evaporation of moisture containing the medium or decomposition of sawdust, but to decomposition of rice bran, a low molecular substance added to the medium. It was confirmed that the moisture content of the medium was steadily increased during incubation, and it was estimated that the organic substrates such as rice brane in the medium was decomposed by mycelium, and water, one of the decomposition products of organic substrates, caused an increase in the moisture content of the medium. Along with the increase in the harvest of oak mushrooms, the proportion of organic substances such as holocellulose and lignin, the main components of the wood cell wall of sawdust, steadily decreased. In particular, the degradation characteristics of the wood cell wall component of shiitake, which is a white rot fungi, were confirmed by higher lignin reduction rate than that of holocellulose. On the other hand, ash, which is an inorganic material, increased with an increase in the number of mushroom harvests. The increase in the amount of ash in the medium may have been due to the decrease in the organic matter content such as holocellulose and lignin.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1989

Annual production and decomposition of litter were studied in piuns rigida platation in Mt. Kwan-ak. The peak time of litter production was October-November. The litterfalll at that time was 54% of annual litter production. But the peak time of litterfall of reproductive parts was Junejuly. The peak times of litter production in Alnus hirsuta plantation were June-July, and November. It is thought that difference of seasonal distribution of letterfall between two forest types were assigned to litter falling factors such as temperature and insects. Total amount of letter loss increased according to time. Particulary, the peak time of loss rate was July-August. It was shown that the protein and phosphorus were accumulated in the letter for an experimental period. The amount of crude protein increased to 150% of initial amount. The amount of potassium was increased by August and then decreased rapidly. The contents of crude fat, holocellulose, lignin, and Na were decreased slowly. The loss of holocellulose was the largiest among them. Calcium was in steady state. It was thought that this variation pattern was assigned to leaching of soluble parts by high temperature, rainfall and growth rate of microorganisms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.23-26
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• 1982

The chemical components in sap and heart wood of Q. variabilis and Q.serrate grown in Mt. Jiri were analyzed Q. variabilis ash contents were 0.57%, in sap wood portion and 1.00% in heart wood. Of the extractives cold water extractives were 5.74% in sap wood and 4.77% in heart wood. Hot water extractives were 6.33% in sap, 6.30% in heart wood portion. 1% caustic soda extractives were 15.52% in sap wood and 15.63% in heart wood. Alcohol-benzol extractives were 4.89% in sap wood and 2.96% in heart wood Holocellulose contents were 73.19% in sap wood, 78.83% in heart wood. Lignin contents were 21.76% in sap wood and 18.14% in heart wood portion. In pentosan contents there were 15.92% in sap wood and 26.50% in heart wood. In Q serrata ash contents were 0.26% in sap wood and 0.27% in heart wood. Cold water extractives were 2.81% in sap wood and 2.04% in heart wood. Hot water extractives were 5.32% in sap wood and 7.08% in heart wood portion. 1%-C austic soda extractives were 15.73% in sap wood and 16.55% in heart wood. Alcohol-benzol extractives were 3.93% in sap wood and 3.51% in heart wood. Holo celluloe contents were 74.21% and 74.84% in sap and heart wood portion respectively. Lignin contents were 14.11% in sap wood and 19.19% in heart wood. Of the pentosan contents there were 20.75% and 21.44% in sap and heart wood respectively. In conclution ash, holocellulose, lignin and pentosan contents showed always consistent differences between sap and heart wood in Q.variabilis, but in Q.serrata only lignin content showed slight difference between sap and heart wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.730-739
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• 2015

Various cellulose nanofibers (CNF) with different morphology and chemical properties were prepared for the reinforcement of sheet of paper mulberry bast fiber. Lignocellulose nanofiber (LCNF), Holocellulose nanofiber (HCNF), alkali-treated HCNF (AT-HCNF), TEMPO-oxidated nanofiber (TEMPO-NF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNF) were prepared and their addition effect on the properties of sheet of paper mulberry bast fiber were investigated. Air permeability, surface smoothness, and tensile properties were improved by increasing CNF addition. Its improvement may be due to the CNF deposited between and on paper mulberry bast fibers, which was confirmed by SEM observation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 1984

This study was carried out to investigate on the catalytic pyrolysis products of hardwood (Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. Quercus acutissima Carruters, Robinia pseudoacacia L., and Populus tomentaglandulosa T. Lee) and comparing the rate of catalytic pyrolysis from untreated wood (ordinary wood) with that of treated wood with catalizer (Ammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulfate, Ammonium chloride and Urea). The results were summerized as follows; 1) It is the Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee that the species has the most content of holocellulose and pentosan. And Populus tomentiglandulosa exhibited high yield of the distillate in pyrolysis products by Ammonium phosphate with catalizer. 2) The distillate of pyrolysis products is decreased in accordance with increasing catalytic concentration. And untreated wood (ordinary wood) with catalizer has the most distillate of pyrolysis products. 3) The yield of charcoal in pyrolysis products is increased in accordance with increasing catalytic concentration and lignin content of species. 4) The caloric values of charcoal in pyrolysis products is decreased with increasing catalytic concentration. And untreated wood (ordinary wood) with catalizer had the most caloric values, but the caloric values of charcoal did not show statistically significent difference at 5% levels in catalizer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 1977

According to the chlorous salt method, most of holocellulose whose lignin was removed, was obtained. In extracting xylan from holocellulose by the different densities of alkali, 5% KOH was extracted three times but still there remained part of xylan in it and another composite of hemicellulose and cellulose was obtained. The extraction of 10% and 20% KOH showed a desirable result. Rather than the ordinary method to use a large quantity of ethanol in the precipitation isolation of xylan, the method to use a small quantity of ethanol in adopting the dialysis with cellophane-membrane by condensing density to one tenth, made il possible to extract a high purity xylan in a high retrieving rate. In isolating glucomannan, the residue of 5% KOH extraction contained a large quantity of xylan, the residue of 10% and 24% KOH extraction, also showed the same result and the comparison between glucose and mannose was approximately 1 : 1. The purification of Fehling solution made it possible to obtain comparatively pure xylan but the process of oxidation dissolution was complicated and the retrieving rate was low. This was not a good method. The ethanol titration purified a high purity xylan in a high retrieving rate and was a very excellent purifying method, considering its simple and easy process. These two purifying methods, however, could not completely remove the residue of arabinose. This will be examined and reported later.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.618-629
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of pruning (P treatment) and transplanting (T treatment) of Acer palmatum on cambial growth and compartmentalization of pruning wounds for one year after treatments. Changes of cambial electrical resistance (CER), sizes of pruning wounds, cambial growth of trunks and stems near the wounds, and total phenols at branch unions during the period were examined using a total of 49 trees. After harvesting, areas of discolored wood behind the wounds, relative proportions of extractives, holocellulose and lignin at branch unions were also determined. CER and the cambial growth of trunk at 30 cm above the ground (TGR) were inversely correlated, and differences of CER and TGR among three treatments were significant. TGRs of control, P treatment and P+T treatment after the treatments were 112.2%, 72.4% and 52.5% of the annual growth for the year before the treatments, respectively. The cambial growth rate of stem (SGR) at 1.5 cm above the branch bark ridge and the closure rate of pruning wound (WCR) for one year after treatments were positively correlated, and WCR of P treatment of 39.8% was significantly higher than that of P+T treatment of 31.8%. Wounds of P+T treatment formed greater discolored area per unit area of pruning wound (D/W Ratio) than those of P treatment significantly. Lower WCR and higher D/W Ratio of P+T treatment suggested less ability of compartmentalizing the wounds than P treatment. Total phenols at branch core of pruning wound for both treatments heightened a month after treatment, and then lowered. The contents at below core of the wound were higher than those at control ones continuously, while they became similar each other at above core. Relatively high phenol contents of the extractives at P+T treatment implied that trees with P+T treatment allocated more energy to compartmentalize their wounds. Holocellulose and lignin contents at the branch core of treated branch unions of both treatments were lower and higher, respectively, than at the same part of the union with living branch, as results of the tree reaction to protection from wounding and microbial invasion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the cause of pith-damaged wood formation, the state of growth, and difference of chemical composition of Japanese Larix(L. leptolepis Gorden). 1. Larix grew normaly to 10 years, and the volume increment was 32.4%. But it was gradually decreased to 19.4% from 11 to 13 years that the heartwood damage was occurred. Therefore, the volume increment was decreased 13%. The decayed wood was formed from fire wound portion of bark by forest fire. The volume loss from pith-dagmaged wood occurred by forest fire was more than 20%. 2. On the ash content, heartwood(0.05%) and pith-damaged wood(0.08%) was lower than sapwood(0.29%). The difference of extractive contents are considered the reason. It is considered that this ash content difference is depend upon the extractive contents among sap, heart and decayed wood parts. Holocellulose contents were from 54.3% to 59.3% and there were no difference among heartwood, pith-damaged wood, and sapwood, On the pentosan contents, heartwood(6.3%) and pith-damaged wood(6.6%) were higher than sapwood. Lignin contents of pith-damaged wood was tower than heartwood (34.4%). This seems to weaken all kinds of wood strength.