• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2018

Jens Jensen was an American landscape architect and early conservationist who pioneered a unique naturalistic landscape style. The purpose of the present study is to study Jensen's life, careers, design philosophy, and his contributions to the history of landscape architecture. Inspired by nature, Jensen worked closely with native plants, local materials, curvilineal and circular forms, and native scenery. His pioneering work in the Chicago's West Parks, including the design of Columbus Park and Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks, was informed by his philosophical belief in the humanizing power of parks. In summary, first, Jensen played a prominent role in the creation of a unique native landscape style respecting regional landscape. Second, as a devoted conservationist and educator he organized conservation movements preserving landscape heritage and founded a education institution. Third, as a social reformer he emphasized the value of parks and nearby nature for urban citizens and children. Jensen's visions and philosophies have influenced on recent naturalistic landscape style and conservation efforts to preserve cultural landscape and natural environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.88-93
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• 1999

In modern period, the history of highway landscaping can be divided into three stages. The first stage from the late 1960s to the early 1970s : during this period revegetation operation started and landscape architecture was introduced. The second stage from the late 1970s to the early 1980s : during this period the definition of functional planting which had played the most important role in highway landscaping was established. Also, highway landscaping was influenced by Japan, and the revegetation of highway slopes were applied with Seedspray, Block-sodding methods, and so on. The third stage from late 1980s to the present : during this period eco-landscaping was introduced and began to mix with ecosystem techniques. The revegetation works of cutting-rock slopes have widely been developed. Many people think that landscaping is necessary for us, and that revegetation method is effective to conserve slope environment. Based on accumulated data we have to improve the function of landscaping and revegetation method, and also have to establish the method of landscaping harmonized with our own landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

This study is an evaluation index development research based on the Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites to identify the attractive properties of Gyeongju that have helped determine the competitiveness of this historical city. Through literature reviews on these attractive factors of historic urban landscape, the Vienna memos(UNESCO, 2005) and the International Cultural Tourism Charter(ICOMOS, 1999), two professional investigations were conducted following a backup group of attraction indexes that had been received prior. In the end, 22 attraction indexes were chosen in the Urban Historical and Cultural area, the Heritage Resources area, and the Urban Environment area with three aspects based on the analysis of Importance(M), Standard deviation(SD), Content Validity Ratio(CVR), Agreement, and convergence. These indicators will be useful basic information for improving the city's historic charms. In the future, these indicators can be used as a basis for evaluating the characteristic charms of Gyeongju, through which the charm of Gyeongju can be re-recognized.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.4 s.40
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• pp.89-105
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• 2004

This paper investigates morphological theory as an intellectual framework for research and design. The first part of the paper will review morphological studies in the fields of urban geography, urban planning and architecture, particularly in England from the 1940s to the 1980s. While urban geographers and planners were concerned primarily with town plans, building forms and land use, architectural theoreticians were more interested in the topological relationship between urban and architectural space. The underlying premises and principles of these two approaches will be reviewed. The second part of the paper will focus on typology in Europe and North America. The reinterpretation of typology by Italian architects helped to bridge the gap between individual elements of architecture and the overall form of the city. However, typological theory became less accessible in post-war England and the United States. After 1980, the debate on typology became muted by the onset of vague notions such as functionalism, bio-technical determinism, and contextualism. This paper will propose a redefinition of morphology as a heuristic device, in contrast with the dichotomic view of urban morphology and architectural typology. Morphology will be shown to combine the geometrical and topological; the intentional and accidental; the real and abstract; and a priori and a posteriori. The last part of the paper discusses the lack of comparative theories and methods surrounding the physical form of architecture and the city by Korea commentators. Empirically rooted facility planning, non-comparative historical studies, and iconographic criticism emerged as a central preoccupation of architectural culture between the 1960s and 1980s, a time when international debate on architecture and urbanism was most intense. This paper will give consideration to the built environment as a dynamic physical entity and space as an epiphenomenon of daily urban life, such that collaboration between urban designers, architects, and landscape architects is seen as both beneficial and necessary.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.157-161
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• 2007

Full-scale ferro-concrete building technology came was introduced in Japan in Meiji $35{\sim}40(1902{\sim}1907)$ and heralding the beginning of urban modernization. On the roofs of these new architectural constructions, full-scale rooftop gardens were also developed. We consider that gardens established on the roofs of hotel and department stores created a new, modernized garden culture, which greatly influenced the early modern urban culture of Japan, the drama of which it conceived based on the impression in a rooftop garden is made. In this paper, we discuss the influence of Meiji-Era cultural and technological advances on rooftop gardens constructed during the Taisho $Era(1912{\sim}1926)$, as represented by the gardens of Kobe's Oriental Hotel, Tokyo's Mitsukoshi Department Store and Shimonoseki City's Akita Company. Photographic and print sources are utilized to analyze the design features and temporal changes of these pioneering rooftop gardens, as well as their influence on urban culture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.175-188
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• 1995

Most of studies about Taegni-Ji were searched in the field of geography and history. These are relrealed the conflictin respects of the structure and contents of Taegni-Ji. This study reviewed these studies and searched for limits and inquiries. Thus the parts of overlooking in them were dealt with and interpretated in terms of the characters of the contents and structure of Taegni-Ji. This book is regarded as the subjects of traditional evaluation of landscape. Tractional landscapes were related to Pung-su in many sides. So the contents specialty related to Pung-su which refered used in Taegni-Ji were discussed through the system of Taegni-Ji. As a result the terms of Pung-su used in Taegni-Ji must be researched which were specific term or not. Those studies are bibliographical review. Taegni-Ji contains of many apparent view of rural landscape thug they will be carried to field survey. Research in this area is at an early stage. The Present stuffy was confined to an examination of the characteristics and transformation process of the location of seowons However, it is hoped that this study will offer meaningful guide for further research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-133
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• 1996

The etymological meaning of 'the Picturesque' is "after the manner of painters." It had begun to be used from the end of Classical era and become popular in Romantic era. The concept of the Picturesque in the Classical era is an allusion to the Classical paintings, history paintings or ideal landscapes. As the idea of these paintings was the Beautiful Nature, the most crucial of the Classical Picturesque were that a painting should represent some significant human action; that all the parts of this painting should contribute to the whole; that verbal commentaries were needed. The influence of the Picturesque on the garden design can be summarized as the invention of 'the Landscape Garden.' In the Landscape Garden, human action was central and formal and painterly techiniques were used to highlight human action. The subjectivization of concept of of the beauty resulted in the cult of the Picturesque. In the controversy by Price and Knight, the Picturesque and its influence on the garden design was contended variously. Price criticized the monotonous gardens of Brown's and named "roughness, sudden varitation and irregularity" as the three hallmarks of the Picturesque. Knight contended " that the Picturesque consisted only in a manner of viewing things with an eye and mind educated in the principles of painting" and "that gardens should reproduce as fully as possible the qualities that made the pictures of Rosa or Hobbema delightful."

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.112-119
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• 2010

This study aims at interpreting Korean Rural Landscape by applying the analytical tool thus developed to the lifestyles of ordinary people found in their permanent dwellings both before and after Korea first opened its door to the world in 1896. By so doing, this study hopes to contribute to building a framework with which to understand the tradition of ordinary people by exploring the uniqueness and basic characteristics of Korean Rural Landscape. This study relies primarily on field studies and publications including, without limitation, the televised documentaries, as well as newspapers and scholastic writings and relating to, the agrarian and residential landscapes changed over time. In the Vernacular world, the present does not passively inherit the past. Rather, it is re-born each time, reflecting the society and history of the period. It does not change, but is shaped by the necessities of the period. This may be the reason why there are different Korean Rural Landscapes over a rather short period of time. For instance, the pre-modern Korean Rural Landscape tends to be shaped almost entirely by the nature, while the intention of people begins to find much more expressions in the modern Korean Rural Landscape. As the commodities become more readily available to people thanks to industrialization, such ready availability has brought about changes in the materials used in, as well as functions of, Rural Landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.115-123
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• 2016

In this study, the landscape characteristics of the sacred Dangsan forests at Singi-ri, Namwon-si were investigated as an agricultural heritage, and the management scheme for revitalization of the village was introduced. FAO established the term of 'GIAHS' (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems) for conservation of each country's farmland, unique agricultural landscape, and cultural diversity. The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of Korea evaluates that the Agricultural Heritage is a new means and potential for rural development. Dangsan forest, a traditional village forests of rural Korea is a representative 'agricultural heritage' with a history of more than several hundred years of Dangsan ritual. The Dangsan forests were closely linked with paddy fields. This forest was composed of two Dangsan forests, and one Bibo forest. Especially, the Dangsan forest 2 was established on the mounding with 395m in length and 15m in width. Although, most of Dangsan forests do not have accurate records about forest establishment, this forest has retained a stone monument that illustrated the history of the forest. These aspects of Singi-ri's Dangsan forest indicated clear difference and characteristics compared to other ones. This Dangsan forest has been left alone from the public attention. The Dangsan forest at Singi-ri need to be recognized for their valuable landscape characteristics. By linking the Dangsan forest with 'Jirisan trail', the trail path will lead people to the agricultural heritage at Singi-ri. Enhancing the management scheme will contribute to revitalize the village.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 1992

A purpose of this study is to identify the concept formation and classify the diverse concepts which related to Kyoung(景) of Chio Nam-Sun at Korea under Japanese colonial rule (a turning point in the korean history). The cultural policy of th Japanese Government-General was aimed at the destruction of Korean nationalism and racial consciousness and the rapid Japanizatio of the Koreans. In the name of assimilation, Korean language instruction was first simply discouraged while the movement for the use of Japanese was stepped up, the use of the Japanese language was forced upon the Koreans, and textbook revision was carried out in order to develop Shinto nationalism and loyalty to the emperor and the state. The results were as follows; The type of landscape concept was 10 types and had the following frequencies in order; Pung-Kuoung(風景)(42), Kyoung-Chi(景致)(21), Koang-Kyoung(光景)(8), Kyoung-Sung(景勝)(7), Kyoung-Gae(景槪)(5), Kyoung-Goan(景觀)(2), Sung-Kyoung(勝景)(2), Kyoung(景)(2), Sil-Kyoung(實景)(1), Pung-Kyoung-Goan(風景觀)(1). Types of landscape concepts in critical periods were classified into 10 according to the many characteristics; personal situations, cultural policy and education policy of Japanese.