• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-198
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• 2010

This study attempts to examine the influence that negative WOM (NWOM) has in an online context. It specifically focuses on the impact of the service failure description and the perceived intention of the communication provider on consumer evaluations of firm competence, attitude toward the firm, positive word of mouth and behavioral intentions. Studies of communication persuasiveness focus on "who says what; to whom; in which channel; with what effect (Chiu 2007)." In this research study, we examine electronic web posting, particularly focusing on two aspects of "what": the level of service failure communicated and perceived intention of the individual posting. It stands to reason electronic NWOM that appears to be trying to damage a product’s or firm's reputation will be viewed as more biased and will thus be considered as less credible. According to attribution theory, people search for the causes of events especially those that are negative and unexpected (Weiner 2006). Hennig-Thurau and Walsh (2003) state "since the reader has only limited knowledge and trust of the author of an online articulation the quality of the contribution could be expected to serve as a potent moderator of the articulation-behavior relationship. We therefore posit the following hypotheses: H1. Subjects exposed to electronic NWOM describing a high level of service failure will provide lower scores on measures of (a) firm competence, (b) attitude toward the firm, (c) positive word of mouth, and (d) behavioral intention than will subjects exposed to electronic NWOM describing a low level of service failure. H2. Subjects exposed to electronic NWOM with a warning intent will provide lower scores on measures of (a) firm competence, (b) attitude toward the firm, (c) positive word of mouth, and (d) behavioral intention than will subjects exposed to electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. H3. Level of service failure in electronic NWOM will interact with the perceived intention of the electronic NWOM, such that there will be a decrease in mean response on measures of (a) firm competence, (b) attitude toward the firm, (c) positive word of mouth, and (d) behavioral intention from electronic NWOM with a warning intent to a vengeful intent. The main study involved a2 (service failure severity) x2 (NWOM with warning versus vengeful intent) factorial experiment. Stimuli were presented to subjects online using a mock online web posting. The scenario described a service failure associated with non-acceptance of a gift card in a brick-and-mortar retail establishment. A national sample was recruited through an online research firm. A total of 113 subjects participated in the study. A total of 104 surveys were analyzed. The scenario was perceived to be realistic with 92.3% giving the scenario a greater than average response. Manipulations were satisfactory. Measures were pre-tested and validated. Items were analyzed and found reliable and valid. MANOVA results found the multivariate interaction was not significant, allowing our interpretation to proceed to the main effects. Significant main effects were found for post intent and service failure severity. The post intent main effect was attributable to attitude toward the firm, positive word of mouth and behavioral intention. The service failure severity main effect was attributable to all four dependent variables: firm competence, attitude toward the firm, positive word of mouth and behavioral intention. Specifically, firm competence for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower than electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Attitude toward the firm for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower than electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Positive word of mouth for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower than electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Behavioral intention for electronic NWOM describing high severity of service failure was lower for electronic NWOM describing low severity of service failure. Therefore, H1a, H1b, H1c and H1d were all supported. In addition, attitude toward the firm for electronic NWOM with a warning intent was lower than electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. Positive word of mouth for electronic NWOM with a warning intent was lower than electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. Behavioral intention for electronic NWOM with a warning intent was lower than electronic NWOM with a vengeful intent. Thus, H2b, H2c and H2d were supported. However, H2a was not supported though results were in the hypothesized direction. Otherwise, there was no significant multivariate service failure severity by post intent interaction, nor was there a significant univariate service failure severity by post intent interaction for any of the three hypothesized variables. Thus, H3 was not supported for any of the four hypothesized variables. This study has research and managerial implications. The findings of this study support prior research that service failure severity impacts consumer perceptions, attitude, positive word of mouth and behavioral intentions (Weun et al. 2004). Of further relevance, this response is evidenced in the online context, suggesting the need for firms to engage in serious focused service recovery efforts. With respect to perceived intention of electronic NWOM, the findings support prior research suggesting reader's attributions of the intentions of a source influence the strength of its impact on perceptions, attitude, positive word of mouth and behavioral intentions. The implication for managers suggests while consumers do find online communications to be credible and influential, not all communications are weighted the same. A benefit of electronic WOM, even when it may be potentially damaging, is it can be monitored for potential problems and additionally offers the possibility of redress.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.75-87
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• 2004

Along the seashore regions in Korea, though strong winds with very large strength are frequently witnessed, no system which can provide appropriate speed information for driving vehicle has been introduced. The driving against strong winds could be very dangerous because of the high possibility of accidents such as rollover and collision. These accidents usually resulted from driver's forced driving try even in difficult situation for steering vehicle, and sometimes overspeed without consideration of wind impact to the vehicles. To reduce accident caused by strong winds, it is important to inform drivers of appropriate driving speeds by perceiving strong winds. By setting up WIS at the main points where strong winds frequently appear and using the variable message sign(VMS) connected to the on-line whether information system, it tis possible to provide desired speed information, which can maintain vehicles' tractive force and maximum running resistance. The case study is conducted on the case of Mokpo-Big-Bridge, which is under construction at Mokpo city. The result show that in case the annual average direction of wind is South and the wind speed is over 8m/hr, the desired speed, which is required in order for vehicles running to South direction to maintain the marginal driving power, is 60km/hr. In addition, for the case of a typhoon such as Memi generated in 2003 year, if wind speed had been 18m/sec in Mokpo city at that time, the running resistance at the speed of 40km/hr is calculated as 1131N. This resistance can not be overcome at the 4th gear(1054N) level, therefore, the gear of vehicles should be reduced down to the 3rd level. In this case, the appropriate speed is 40km/h, and at this point the biggest difference between running resistance and tractive force is generated.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2020

The impact of effective parameters on the electrodeposition rate optimization of Au-Cu alloy at high thicknesses on the silver substrate was investigated in the present study. After ensuring the formation of gold alloy deposits with the desired and standard percentage of gold with the cartage of 18K and other standard karats that should be observed in the manufacturing of the gold and jewelry artifacts, comparing the rate of gold-copper deposition by direct and pulsed current was done. The rate of deposition with pulse current was significantly higher than direct current. In this process, the duty cycle parameter was effectively optimized by the "one factor at a time" method to achieve maximum deposition rate. Particular parameters in this work were direct and pulse current densities, bath temperature, concentration of gold and cyanide ions in electrolyte, pH, agitation and wetting agent additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface chemical analysis system (EDS) were used to study the effect of deposition on the cross-sections of the formed layers. The results revealed that the Au-Cu alloy layer formed with concentrations of 6gr·L^-1 Au, 55gr·L^-1 Cu, 24 gr·L^-1 KCN and 1 ml·L^-1 Lauryl dimethyl amine oxide (LDAO) in the 0.6 mA·cm^-2 average current density and 30% duty cycle, had 0.841 ㎛·min^-1 Which was the highest deposition rate. The use of electrodeposition of pure and alloy gold thick layers as a production method can reduce the use of gold metal in the production of hallow gold artifacts, create sophisticated and unique models, and diversify production by maintaining standard karats, hardness, thickness and mechanical strength. This will not only make the process economical, it will also provide significant added value to the gold artifacts. By pulsating of currents and increasing the duty cycle means reducing the pulse off-time, and if the pulse off-time becomes too short, the electric double layer would not have sufficient growth time, and its thickness decreases. These results show the effect of pulsed current on increasing the electrodeposition rate of Au-Cu alloy confirming the previous studies on the effect of pulsed current on increasing the deposition rate of Au-Cu alloy.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.244-252
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• 2020

The 2008 global financial crisis was triggered by the Lehman Brothers crisis caused by the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the United States This crisis has had an impact on the globe's dry bulk shipping market by reducing dry bulk cargo volume. An oversupply of dry bulk carriers caused a serious recession in the globe's dry-bulk shipping industry and shipbuilding industry. In this situation, the Korean dry-bulk shipping companies were victims of the quagmire of a long recession since the global financial crisis and could not overcome this crisis. This condition forced them into severe financial risk Thus, it caused many shipping companies to file for bankruptcy. In this study, we classified Korean ocean-going dry-bulk shipping companies into two groups, that is, the solvent group and the insolvent group. We also separated the research period before and after the 2008 global financial crisis. Then we investigated the differences in the major financial ratios of the two groups by t-test and found that some financial ratios such as profitability ratios and growth ratios showed the difference between the two groups with statistical significance. The significance of this study is as follow. First, the shipping company management is also crucial for the systematic management of financial strength and business strategy, it is crucial to manage cargo which a high profitable freight. Second, the shipping company should be managed as a company with continued growth through efficient operation and management of ships.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.559-568
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• 2013

Surface compaction significantly impacts runoff and soil erosion under rainfall since it leads to changes of soil physical characteristics such as increase of bulk density and shear stress, change of microporosity, and decrease of hydraulic conductivity. This study addressed surface compaction effects on runoff and soil loss from bare and disturbed soils that are commonly distributed on construction sites. Thirty-six rainfall simulations from three replicates of each involving rainfall intensities (68.5 mm/hr, 95.6 mm/hr) and plot gradients ($5^{\circ}$, $12.5^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$) were conducted to measure runoff and soil loss for two different soil surface treatments (compacted surface, non-compacted surface). Compacted surface increased significantly soil bulk density and soil strength. However, the effect of surface treatments on runoff changed with rainfall intensity and plot gradient. Rainfall intensity and plot gradient had a positive effect on mean soil loss. In addition, the effect of surface treatments on soil loss responded differently with rainfall intensity and plot gradient. Compacted surfaces increased soil loss at gentle slope ($5^{\circ}$) while they decreased soil loss at steep slope ($20^{\circ}$). These results indicate that there exists transitional slope range ($10{\sim}15^{\circ}$) between gentle and steep slope by surface compaction effects on soil loss under disturbed bare soils and simulated rainfalls.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.379-384
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• 2021

Despite the numerous graduates being produced in practical music and history, which have not been shorter than 30 years, the employment of students remains an unsolvable task. Most graduates are employed by private institutes as music instructors or got involved in band activities, which are non-regular work and not stable. The rapid development of K-pop along with national strength has changed our lives as well. As a result, the cultural and artistic fields, which were previously recognized only as luxury, have rapidly become popular. In the form of learning, internalized and experiencing, not just watching has a huge impact on improving the quality of our lives. This is reflected in national policies including the operation of cultural arts, education programs in elementary, middle, and high schools, and art programs designed to improve the welfare of residents at local community centers. It is time to expand its job-horizon to the relevant fields, and thus focus on promoting programs related to obtaining certificates to help our students find jobs. In addition, the government should create a course for music teacher certification in the field of practical music that differs from the current music teacher certification of secondary schools. It is very urgent to establish the teaching course in four-year universities or graduate schools of practical music education.

• Composites Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2022

Low-temperature characteristics according to internal temperature conditions during rotational molding of Type 4 pressure vessel liners were studied in this paper. Since rotational molding has a sensitive effect on the formability of the liner depending on the temperature conditions, the temperature conditions for the polyamide used should be accurately set. The structural changes of polyamide as the liner material was analyzed the surface by atomic force microscope (AFM), and the crystallinity measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used to evaluate the change of the mechanical strength value at low temperature. In addition, the formability of the liner was confirmed by observation of the yellow index inside the liner. As a result, as the melting range of the internal temperature becomes wider, the yellow index shows a lower value, and the elongation and impact characteristics at low temperatures are improved. It was also confirmed that the structure of the polyamide was uniform and the crystallinity was high by AFM and DSC. These experimental results contribute to the improvement of characteristics at low temperatures due to changes in temperature conditions during rotational molding.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 2022

Materials used for education are materials such as SM20C, Al6061, and acrylic. SM20C materials are carbon steel and are often used in certification tests and functional competitions, but are also widely used in industrial sites. The Al6061 material is said to be a material that has lower hardness and stronger flexibility than carbon steel, so it is a material that generates a lot of compositional selection of tools. If students are taught practical training using acrylic materials, vibration occurs due to excessive cutting in some parts and damage to the tool occurs. In this process, we examine to what extent the impact on the 2NC head, which is a five-axis equipment, can affect precision control. The weakest part of the five-axis equipment can be said to be the weakest part of the head that controls the AC axis. When the accuracy and cumulative tolerance of this part occur, the accuracy of all products decreases. Therefore, the core part of the 2NC head, the spindle housing, was carried out using an Al7075 T6 (Alcoa, USA) material. In the process of vibration and cutting applied to this material, the analysis was conducted to find out the value applied to the finite element analysis under extreme conditions. It is hoped that this analysis data will help students see and understand the structure of 5-axis machining rather than 5-axis cutting.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1397-1411
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• 2009

This study was aimed to examine the effects of intermittent walking on health related fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors in elderly women. Forty five elderly women were randomly assigned to three groups: three 10-min walks per day, one 30-min walk per day or no exercise, respectively. Both walking groups exercised three days a week at moderate intensity for 12 weeks. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the hypothesis with a significant level of α = .05. The results indicated that body composition(body weight, body mass index, percent body fat), muscle endurance, flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness significantly increased after 12 weeks for both walking groups. However, it was found that muscle strength significantly increased only in a continuous walking group. Metabolic syndrome risk factors comprised of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and fasting glucose were significantly improved in both walking groups. In addition, there was a difference in these metabolic syndrome risk factors between pre and post exercise. The results of this study support the hypothesis that intermittent walking has a significant impact on health related physical fitness and metabolic syndrome rick factors in elderly women as continuous walking does.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-72
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is the investigation of the effects of user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities. In this research, stickiness refers to repeat visit and visit duration to an Internet community. Continued use means the willingness to continue to use an Internet community in the future. Internet community-based companies can earn money through selling the digital contents such as game, music, and avatar, advertizing on internet site, or offering an affiliate marketing. For such money making, stickiness and continued use of Internet users is much more important than the number of Internet users. We tried to answer following three questions. Fist, what is the effects of user participation on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities? Second, by what is user participation formed? Third, are network effect, social influence, and usefulness that was significant at prior research about technology acceptance model(TAM) still significant on internet communities? In this study, user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness are independent variables, stickiness is mediating variable, and continued use is dependent variable. Among independent variables, we are focused on user participation. User participation means that Internet user participates in the development of Internet community site (called mini-hompy or blog in Korea). User participation was studied from 1970 to 1997 at the research area of information system. But since 1997 when Internet started to spread to the public, user participation has hardly been studied. Given the importance of user participation at the success of Internet-based companies, it is very meaningful to study the research topic of user participation. To test the proposed model, we used a data set generated from the survey. The survey instrument was designed on the basis of a comprehensive literature review and interviews of experts, and was refined through several rounds of pretests, revisions, and pilot tests. The respondents of survey were the undergraduates and the graduate students who mainly used Internet communities. Data analysis was conducted using 217 respondents(response rate, 97.7 percent). We used structural equation modeling(SEM) implemented in partial least square(PLS). We chose PLS for two reason. First, our model has formative constructs. PLS uses components-based algorithm and can estimated formative constructs. Second, PLS is more appropriate when the research model is in an early stage of development. A review of the literature suggests that empirical tests of user participation is still sparse. The test of model was executed in the order of three research questions. First user participation had the direct effects on stickiness(${\beta}$=0.150, p<0.01) and continued use (${\beta}$=0.119, p<0.05). And user participation, as a partial mediation model, had a indirect effect on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.007, p<0.05). Second, optional participation and prosuming participation significantly formed user participation. Optional participation, with a path magnitude as high as 0.986 (p<0.001), is a key determinant for the strength of user participation. Third, Network effect (${\beta}$=0.236, p<0.001). social influence (${\beta}$=0.135, p<0.05), and usefulness (${\beta}$=0.343, p<0.001) had directly significant impacts on stickiness. But network effect and social influence, as a full mediation model, had both indirectly significant impacts on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.11, p<0.001, and ${\beta}$=0.063, p<0.05, respectively). Compared with this result, usefulness, as a partial mediation model, had a direct impact on continued use and a indirect impact on continued use mediated through stickiness. This study has three contributions. First this is the first empirical study showing that user participation is the significant driver of continued use. The researchers of information system have hardly studies user participation since late 1990s. And the researchers of marketing have studied a few lately. Second, this study enhanced the understanding of user participation. Up to recently, user participation has been studied from the bipolar viewpoint of participation v.s non-participation. Also, even the study on participation has been studied from the point of limited optional participation. But, this study proved the existence of prosuming participation to design and produce products or services, besides optional participation. And this study empirically proved that optional participation and prosuming participation were the key determinant for user participation. Third, our study compliments traditional studies of TAM. According prior literature about of TAM, the constructs of network effect, social influence, and usefulness had effects on the technology adoption. This study proved that these constructs still are significant on Internet communities.