• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.516-525
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• 2010

Flaxseed has recently gained attention as a functional food. In this paper, physicochemical analyses of flaxseed and its oil were performed. Crude fat content ranged from 37~43%, moisture 0.2~6.8%, carbohydrate 30~35%, crude protein 18~23%, and crude ash 3~4%. Flaxseed is also an important source of dietary fiber. The TDF(total dietary fiber) contents of the flaxseed samples were 28~31%, and the SDF(souble dietary fiber) content of roasted flaxseeds was higher than that of raw flaxseeds. The major minerals found in flaxseed were calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphate. The flaxseeds were rich in ${\gamma}$-tocopherol with 234.3 mg/kg in raw brown flaxseed and 134.1 mg/kg in raw gold flaxseed, respectively. Roasted flaxseeds showed slightly lower vitamin and amino acid contents than those of the raw samples. The iodine, saponification, and acid values of brown flaxseed oil were 204.1 g/100 g, 193.6 mg/g, and 1.59 mg/g, and for gold flaxseed oil were 203.0 g/100 g, 189.9 mg/g, and 2.35 mg/g, respectively. ${\alpha}$-Linolenic acid(ALA, C18:3n-3) was highly concentrated in the flaxseed oil, which constituted about 55.5~56.1% of total fatty acids. Thus, flaxseed oil is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids and beneficial for the heart. Flaxseed contains high levels of dietary fiber including lignans, as well as minerals and vitamins, which may have antioxidant actions and help protect against certain cancers.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 2014

Background: The glycemic index (GI) indicates the rise in blood glucose caused by carbohydrate-containing foods. In Korea, there have been few studies on the understanding adults have of GI. Thus, this study investigated differences GI knowledge among the korean adults. Methods: A questionnaire on the perspective of GI and experience in GI education, participational intent to learn, general knowledge level, and dietary practice was conducted among those living in agricultural areas. Respondents were visitors to the health promotion center of a university hospital. Results: When asked about the GI familiarity, the standard of education, the relationships between diseases and GI, the diabetes group was better able to answer correctly than the other groups. However, the diabetes group showed either no difference or less correct responses for general knowledge of GI. With respect to their usual consideration and low GI dietary practice, the diabetes group provided higher responses than the other groups. On the whole, the diabetes group was better than the other groups for GI relative factor but none of the groups showed high levels for perspective, education, dietary practice of GI. Conclusions: The groups other than the diabetes group had a low perspective of GI, a lack of correct knowledge of GI, and did not follow a proper diet without considering GI. Even in the diabetes group the perspective, knowledge, and proper dietary practices were not adequate. Accordingly, further education of GI is necessary for diabetic patients, patients with chronic diseases and also people without diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.260-268
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare food behaviors, nutrient intake, clinical symptoms, and hematological findings by smoking status. Among the third grade male students from a high school in Jinchun-kun, 31 smokers and 31 nonsmokers participated in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate food behaviors and clinical symptoms. Nutrient intake data were collected by 24-hour recall method. Blood sample was drawn from each subject to determine the levels of hemoglobin, protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, etc. The major findings were as follows; First, smokers consumed every food group except fat & oil less frequently than nonsmokers, while they consumed instant food, coffee, alcoholic beverages more frequently than nonsmokers. Dietary habits of smokers such as regularity, balanced diet, skipping meals were worse than those of non-smokers. Second, intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrate, and β-carotene of smokers were lower than those of non-smokers. Third, smokers felt fatigue and other adverse symptoms more often than non-smokers. Fourth, the levels of hemoglobin, albumin and HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in smokers than non-smokers. Fifth, Smoking history was negatively correlated with food behaviors, energy intake and clinical symptoms. These results suggest that food behaviors, nutrient intakes, hematological findings and clinical symptoms of male high school students were affected by smoking. Therefore, in order to decrease smoking rate of the students, the effect of smoking on nutritional and health status should be informed and nutrition education should be offered to the students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.668-678
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to estimate seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. Dietary survey was given to 469 subjects over age 20 living Bukjeju-gun, Yecheon-gun, and Sunchang-gun of Korea, using 24-hour recall method every 4 seasons over one-year period. The mean daily intakes (%RDA) of 4 seasons were 1313.3 ㎉ (72.0%) for energy, 47.3 g (82.2%) for protein, 20.2 g for fat, 228.0 g for carbohydrate, 12.8 g for dietary fiber. The differences were hardly significant among the seasons. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals were lower than RDA except vitamin C and folate, especially %RDAs of Ca, vitamin D, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin E were less than 60% of RDA. In general, nutrient intake were high in spring compared to other seasons except vitamin C which was high in fall and winter. Mean daily intakes of cholesterol were 151.7 mg and 124.3 mg in males and females, respectively. The differences was significant between the two sexes but not among the seasons. PUFA : MUFA : SFA ratio of the subject was 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.2. Average CPF ratio of energy intake was 72.7 : 14.4 : 12.9, and energy intake ratio from carbohydrate was low in spring, in contrast energy intake ratios from protein was significantly high in spring. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.64 for female and 0.71 for male. The indices of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most of nutrients except 0.73 of Ca, 0.87 of vitamin A, 0.69 of vitamin B$_2$, and 0.65 of vitamin E. Both MAR and INQ were significantly different among sex and seasons, values were higher in males than in females and were higher in spring with the exception of vitamin C. In conclusion, subjects in longevity areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and vitamin E. Also mean daily intakes of most of vitamins and minerals were insufficient in females, and were significantly different among season. Therefore we must consider a counterplan to augment nutrition intake for them. In addition, it seems to be essential to micro nutrients to the food composition database to estimate dietary intakes more accurately.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.3 s.37
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• pp.35-52
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• 2005

To assess the food habits, the nutrient intakes and diet quality of high school students living in Chuncheon area. a dietary survey using a questionnaire and 24hr recall method was conducted with 318 subjects. $30.8\%$ of the subjects often skipped breakfast and $28.0\%$ had snacks over once per day. Mean daily energy intake was $1740\pm712kca1\;with\;61.1\%$ of energy supplied by carbohydrate, $16.0\%$ by protein and $23.1\%$ by fat. As well as insufficiencies in calcium and iron intakes, the bioavailability of calcium and iron consumed is considered to be low because most of them came from plant origins. For calcium, iron and riboflavin, the proportions of subjects with intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA were all over $68\%$. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality was 0.79 for males and 0.78 for females. The indexes of nutritional quality(INQ) were over 1 for most nutrients except 3 nutrients: 0.67 of calcium, 0.82 of iron, 0.90 of riboflavin. Nutrient intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA may be appropriate as a criteria for insufficiency of nutrient intakes. Based on these results, it is evident that some of high school students in Chuncheon area did not consume enough nutrients, especially calcium, iron and riboflavin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.677-684
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• 2008

Accurate estimation of dry matter intake (DMI) is a prerequisite to meet animal performance targets without penalizing animal health and the environment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate some of the existing models in order to predict DMI when lactating dairy cows were offered a total mixed ration containing a high level of concentrates and locally produced agricultural by-products. Six popular models were chosen for DMI prediction (Brown et al., 1977; Rayburn and Fox, 1993; Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat, 1999; National Research Council (NRC), 2001; Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), Fox et al., 2003; Fuentes-Pila et al., 2003). Databases for DMI comparison were constructed from two different sources: i) 12 commercial farm investigations and ii) a controlled dairy cow experiment. The model evaluation was performed using two different methods: i) linear regression analysis and ii) mean square error prediction analysis. In the commercial farm investigation, DMI predicted by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) was the most accurate when compared with the actual mean DMI, whilst the CNCPS prediction showed larger mean bias (difference between mean predicted and mean observed values). Similar results were observed in the controlled dairy cow experiment where the mean bias by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) was the smallest of all six chosen models. The more accurate prediction by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) could be attributed to the inclusion of dietary factors, particularly fiber as these factors were not considered in some models (i.e. NRC, 2001; CNCPS (Fox et al., 2003)). Linear regression analysis had little meaningful biological significance when evaluating models for prediction of DMI in this study. Further research is required to improve the accuracy of the models, and may recommend more mechanistic approaches to investigate feedstuffs (common to the Asian region), animal genotype, environmental conditions and their interaction, as the majority of the models employed are based on empirical approaches.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8391-8396
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• 2016

Thailand is becoming an aging society, this presenting as a serious problem situation especially regarding health. Chronic diseases found frequently in the elderly may be related to dietary intake and life style. Surin province has been reported as a risk area for liver fluke with a high incidence of cholangiocarcinma especially in the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional status and associated factors among elderly in Surin province, northeast of Thailand. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 405 people aged 60 years and above, between September 2012 and July 2014. The participants were selected through a randomized systematic sampling method and completed a pre-designed questionnaire with general information, food recorded, weight, height, waist circumference, and behavior regarding to food consume related to liver fluke infection. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. The majority of participants was female (63.5%), age between 60-70 years old (75.6%), with elementary school education (96.6%), living with their (78.9%), and having underlying diseases (38.3%). Carbohydrate (95.3%) was need to improve the consumption. The participants demonstrated under-nutrition (24.4%), over-nutrition (16.4%), and obesity (15.4%). Elderly had a waist circumference as the higher than normal level (34.0%). Gender, female, age 71-80 years old, elementary school and underlying diseases were significantly associated with poor nutritional status. The majority of them had a high knowledge (43.0%), moderate attitude (44.4%), and moderate practice (46.2%) regarding food consumption related to liver fluke infection. In conclusion, these findings data indicated that elderly age group often have an under- or over-nutritional status. Carbohydrate consumption needs to be improved. Some elderly show behavior regarding food consumption that is related to liver fluke infection hat needs to be improved, so that health education pertaining good nutrition is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1094-1099
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• 2012

This study investigated the effect of a long-term high-fat diet on energy metabolic substrate utilization in resting rats in order to revalue source fat energy efficiency during a high-fat diet and its effect on energy expenditure and body fat accumulation. Sprague-Dawley male rats at 4 weeks of age were bought from Orient Bio Con. The rats were divided into a control (CON) group and a high-fat diet (HF) group. Rats ate a high-fat diet (w/w 40%, kcal/kcal 64.9%) ad libitum for 5 weeks. Food intake and body weight were measured every day at 09:00 throughout the experimental period. Energy expenditure was measured using an animal energy metabolism chamber after 4 weeks. The final body weight did not change between the CON and HF groups, but caloric intake was significantly higher in the HF group than in the CON group (p<0.05). There was no difference between the groups in oxygen uptake, however carbon dioxide production was significantly higher in the HF group. Also, the respiratory exchange ratio was higher in the HF group. Carbohydrate oxidation was lower in the HF group than in the CON group, but fat oxidation in the HF group was greater. These results mean that energy substrate oxidation at rest is affected by diet composition, especially dietary fat content. Abdominal fat fad weights were significantly higher by 33% in the HF group than in the CON group even though the calorie intake in the HF group was higher by 6%. These results suggested that the dietary fat calorie value might have a higher Atwater value of 9 kcal/g, which mean that dietary fat calorie values could be reconsidered in body weight control scenarios such as which the obese or weight class athletes.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2018

Due to the recent economic development, the diet style has become more and more westernized in Korea, which increased the concern of our well-beings. Our well-beings are also associated with the gut microbiota which vary depending on the dietary intake. In this study, we compared gut microbiome shifted by two diets: high-fat diets (HFD) and low-fiber diet (LFD) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences using MiSeq. Compared to the control diet, LFD and HFD treatments significantly decreased species richness, while there was no difference in species evenness. Both diet treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of the Proteobacteria (p<0.05), especially the genus Sutterella. Bacteroidetes was significantly decreased in HFD groups, where the family S24-7 was decreased most. On the other hand, significant difference between HFD and LFD was seen among Firmicutes, where the abundance of family Lachnospiraceae was lower in LFD groups (p<0.05). PICRUSt-based metabolic difference analyses showed LFD treatment significantly decreased metabolisms of amino acid, carbohydrate and methane (p<0.01). In contrast, HFD significantly increased amino acid metabolism (p<0.05). Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly increased in both treatment groups (p<0.01). Our results suggest that long-term unbalanced dietary intakes induce gut dysbiosis, leading to metabolic and colonic disorders.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.209-214
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• 1974

The utilization dietary protein in young rainbow trout was investigated when feeded with the diets of controlled levels of casein and lipids for 12 days. The composition of the diet is shown in Table 1. Body weight gain was in proportion to the protein content in diet up to $40\%$, ana the maximum was obtained with $40.4\%$ of crude protein (Fig. 1, Table 2). On the other hand, the accumulated protein in body also showed almost maximum value around 40n of protein level in the diet and: the change of accumulated protein showed a little with more-protein level(Fig. 3, Table 9). The protein accumulation rate (protein accumulated/protein consumed) showed its highest value at about $40\%$ of protein level, while the protein utilization value (protein accumulation rate x protein content of diet) attained its highest value at $54.8\%$ of protein level (Table 3). With the above results it is observed that the requirement of dietary protein for young rainbow trout is about $40\%$ of protein in the diet when casein is used as the sole protein source. In protein efficiency ratio (PER) the lower protein level in the diet, the higher PER yields and the more the quantity of protein increases, the more PER decreases and its relation could be figured out as an equation of y=4.91-0.034x (Fig.4), Nose measured PER utilizing the diet which result of this, it is reported that PER rate of casein dropped within the extent of $25\%$ protein in diet. The reason why such a different PER rate appeared at the low protein level is revealed as the carbohydrate is low but the lipid high in capacity of utililzing nutrients for rainbow trout. The relation between the protein content of diet and the conversion factor, feed efficiency were determined and the results are shown in Fig. 2.