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Seasonal Variation of Nutritional Intake and Quality in Adults in Longevity Areas

고령인구 비율이 높은 지역 성인 및 노인의 계절별 영양소 섭취실태

  • 최정숙 (농촌진흥청 농촌자원개발연구소) ;
  • 백희영 (서울대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2004.04.01

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to estimate seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. Dietary survey was given to 469 subjects over age 20 living Bukjeju-gun, Yecheon-gun, and Sunchang-gun of Korea, using 24-hour recall method every 4 seasons over one-year period. The mean daily intakes (%RDA) of 4 seasons were 1313.3 ㎉ (72.0%) for energy, 47.3 g (82.2%) for protein, 20.2 g for fat, 228.0 g for carbohydrate, 12.8 g for dietary fiber. The differences were hardly significant among the seasons. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals were lower than RDA except vitamin C and folate, especially %RDAs of Ca, vitamin D, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin E were less than 60% of RDA. In general, nutrient intake were high in spring compared to other seasons except vitamin C which was high in fall and winter. Mean daily intakes of cholesterol were 151.7 mg and 124.3 mg in males and females, respectively. The differences was significant between the two sexes but not among the seasons. PUFA : MUFA : SFA ratio of the subject was 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.2. Average CPF ratio of energy intake was 72.7 : 14.4 : 12.9, and energy intake ratio from carbohydrate was low in spring, in contrast energy intake ratios from protein was significantly high in spring. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.64 for female and 0.71 for male. The indices of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most of nutrients except 0.73 of Ca, 0.87 of vitamin A, 0.69 of vitamin B$_2$, and 0.65 of vitamin E. Both MAR and INQ were significantly different among sex and seasons, values were higher in males than in females and were higher in spring with the exception of vitamin C. In conclusion, subjects in longevity areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and vitamin E. Also mean daily intakes of most of vitamins and minerals were insufficient in females, and were significantly different among season. Therefore we must consider a counterplan to augment nutrition intake for them. In addition, it seems to be essential to micro nutrients to the food composition database to estimate dietary intakes more accurately.

고령인구 비율이 높은 지역에 거주하는 성인 469명을 대상으로 24시간 회상법을 통해 1년 간 4계절의 식이섭취 조사를 하여 영양 섭취 상태를 양ㆍ질의 평가와 함께 계절적인 차이를 살펴본 결과 다음과 같았다. 조사 대상자의 연평균 1일 열량 섭취량(%RDA)은 1313.3$\pm$334.7 ㎉(72.0%)이며, 단백질은 47.3$\pm$17.0 g(82.2%)으로 남녀간에 권장량 대비 백분율에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 지방과 탄수화물, 식이 섬유소는 각각 20.2$\pm$12.8 g, 228.0$\pm$48.3 g, 12.8$\pm$4.5 g을 섭취하였으며, 남녀간에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 비타민 및 무기질의 섭취량은 대부분 권장량 수준에 못 미쳤으며, 특히 칼슘, 비타민 B$_2$, 비타민 E, 비타민 D의 섭취는 권장량의 약 50%로 섭취율이 매우 낮았다. 성별에 따라서는 여성이 남성보다 비타민 및 무기질의 섭취량이 낮았으며, 계절별로는 대부분의 비타민과 무기질의 섭취율이 봄에 높았는데 예외적으로 비타민 C는 가을과 겨울에 섭취율이 높았다. 콜레스테롤의 섭취량은 남녀 각각 151.7$\pm$162.0 mg, 124.3$\pm$147.7 mg 이었으며 PUFA : MUFA : SFA의 비율은 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.2이었다. 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방 구성비율(CPF)은 72.7 : 14.4 : 12.9로, 성별에 따라서 탄수화물 에너지 구성비는 여자가 높았으며, 단백질 에너지 구성비는 남자가 높았다. 계절에 따라서는 남녀 모두 봄에 탄수화물 에너지 구성비율이 낮은 반면 단백질 에너지의 구성비율은 높았다. 대부분의 영양소 적정도는 0.8∼0.6의 범위였으나 칼슘, 비타민 A, 비타민 B$_2$, 비타민 E의 경우 0.5내외의 비율을 나타내었다. 성별에 따라서 단백질을 제외한 모든 영양소에서 여자보다 남자가 적정도에서 유의적으로 높았다. 평균 적정도는 0.66으로 다른 계절에 비해 남자는 봄에 높았고, 여자는 봄과 여름에 유의적으로 높았다. 영양의 질적 지수(INQ)는 칼슘, 비타민 A, 비타민 B$_2$, 비타민 E에서 1을 하회하였으며, 단백질을 제외한 모든 영양소에서 남자가 여자보다 질적 지수가 유의적으로 높았다. 계절에 따른 질적 지수는 남녀 모두 비타민 A와 나이아신은 봄에 높은 반면 비타민 C는 가을과 겨울에 유의적으로 높았다. 이와 같은 연구 결과로 볼 때 고령인구 비율이 높은 지역의 주민들은 전체적인 영양소 섭취 상태는 대부분의 영양소에서 권장량에 미달하여 양적으로 매우 부족한 실정이나, 질적인 영양섭취 평가 즉 영양소 적정도 및 평균 적정도, 영양의 질적 지수는 칼슘, 비타민 A, 비타민 B$_2$, 비타민 E를 제외하고 적절한 상태를 보였다. 또한 남녀를 비교할 때 여성이 남성보다 양적 질적 영양소 섭취 평가에서 낮은 상태를 보였다. 계절적으로는 다른 계절에 비해 봄에 영양소 섭취 상태가 좋았고 겨울에 불량한 것으로 나타나 본 연구 지역 주민들은 계절에 따라 영양소 섭취에 대해 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 전체적으로 열량 및 영양소 섭취량의 증가와 함께 질적으로 부족한 영양소의 섭취량을 증가시키고, 농촌의 특성을 고려하여 계절 식품을 잘 활용할 수 있도록 적절한 식품의 선택과 조리 방법에 대한 교육이 이루어져야 하며, 이러한 영양교육은 상대적으로 영양상태가 취약한 여성에게 우선적으로 실시되어야 하겠다. 그리고 앞으로 미량영양소의 정확한 평가를 위해 더 많은 식품성분 데이터베이스를 구축하고 보완하는 작업이 이루어져야 하겠다.

Keywords

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