• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.33-51
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• 2023

This study aims to investigate the changes in the employment structure of occupational groups by job characteristics and analyze the factors influencing wage premiums in local labor markets from 2010 to 2020. This study's analysis involves three primary steps. First, the occupational characteristics data from the Korea Network for Occupations and Workers are subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, and then a non-routine task intensity index is calculated by each occupations. Then, we conduct an exploratory analysis of changes in the distribution of employment by occupation from 2010 to 2020 by combining data from the Population Census with data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study to construct individual-level and regional-level data. Thirdly, we employ a hierarchical linear model to examine the individual-level and regional-level factors influencing wage premiums. Since 2010, the proportion of employment in occupations requiring non-routine task has continued to rise and now dominates the metropolitan labor market. Moreover, agglomeration effects resulting from urbanization produce a substantial wage premium for wage workers in occupations requiring non-routine tasks. This study seeks to provide policy implications to mitigate inequality and polarization in local labor markets by empirically analyzing the transition of occupational structure and wage inequality in relation to the local labor market context.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to determine how the use of retailtech technology affects consumers' purchase intention. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the mediating effects of technology usefulness and ease of use on this influence relationship and whether experiential marketing moderates consumers' purchase intention. The survey was conducted from August 1, 2023 to September 30, 2023, and a total of 257 people participated in the study. For statistical analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, three-stage mediation regression analysis, and hierarchical three-stage controlled regression analysis were conducted to test the hypothesis. The results of the study are as follows. First, it was confirmed that big data-AI utilization, mobile-SNS utilization, live commerce utilization, and IoT utilization affect purchase intention in retail technology utilization. Second, technology usefulness has a mediating effect on IoT utilization, mobile-SNS utilization, and big data-AI utilization. Third, perceived ease of use of technology mediated the effects of IoT utilization, mobile-SNS utilization, live-commerce utilization, and big data-AI utilization. Fourth, escapist experience has a moderating effect on mobile SNS utilization and live commerce utilization. Fifth, esthetic experience has a moderating effect on mobile-SNS utilization and big data-AI utilization. Through this study, we hope that the domestic distribution industry will contribute to national competitiveness by securing the competitive advantage of companies by utilizing new technologies in entering the global market.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.61-70
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• 2012

Purpose - The entry of Super Supermarkets (SSM), operated by large corporations, into the retail distribution market weakens the competitive power of local supermarkets (SM) and their families leading to a rapid collapse of the local-SM market. Accordingly, this is a very sensitive and urgent issue in Korean society and politics. Therefore, the government is required to take steps to activate a local-SM market and regain the loyalty of their customers. However, in spite of the urgent need of a comparative study on the advantages and competitive power of local-SM in relation to the SSM, little research has been done on this issue to date. One purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in store characteristics of the local SM and SSM, and to explore the relationships amongst various store characteristics, such as consumption emotion, relation quality, and store loyalty between store types to provide an efficient solution to activate a local-SM market. Research design, data, methodology - To analyze the differences in the evaluation of store characteristics between store types, and to test the moderator and mediator effects, data were collected from 488 customers in Seoul, Incheon,and Gyeonggi Province. The theoretical model consists of four hypotheses, and data was processed to test these using factor analysis, t-test, regression analysis, hierarchical regression, and the three step regression proposed by Baron and Kenny. Results - First, the analysis shows that local-SM customers evaluate location characteristic factors significantly higher compared to SSM customers. However, SSM customers evaluate quality of merchandise, sales promotion activities, and store environment significantly higher. Yet, there are no significant differences in the evaluation of consumption emotion, relation quality,and store loyalty between the store types. Second, the analysis of moderator effects of the store type show that sales promotion and store atmosphere factors have a significantly negative moderating effecton positive consumption emotion, while positive consumption emotion has a significantly positive moderating effect on absorption of relation quality, while there are no significant moderating effects between consumption emotion and store loyalty. Third, while both trust and absorption of relation quality are partially mediated between consumption emotion and store loyalty, only absorption is partially mediated between positive consumption emotion and store loyalty. There are no significant mediating effects of absorption between negative consumption emotion and store loyalty. Conclusions - We strongly recommend that location restrictions on entrance of SSM into local-SM market should either be further strengthened or sustained for the activation of the local store market. Government should strengthen financial support to improve the quality of merchandise, sales promotion, employee education, store environment of the local-SM by providing appropriate business consulting. Moreover, the result implies that the owners of alocal-SM should take measures to increase customers' absorption and store loyalty, such as store cleanliness, maintaining a delightful atmosphere at the store, and training employees on attitudes towards customers. As this study is restricted within Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi Province, care needs to be taken in generalizing the interpretation and application to the national level.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.3 s.108
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• pp.253-273
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• 2005

In recent years, there are strong social demands to characterize the spatial distribution of mountains in Korea. This study aims to develop a 'Sanjulgi-Jido(mountain ridge map)' that might be used not only to satisfy these social demands but also to effectively present the spatial distribution of mountains and drainage basins in the Korean Peninsular. The 'Sanjulgi-Jido' developed in this study is a map that presents the continuity of mountains based on the drainage divides that are delineated by a pre-defined drainage basin size and elevation. This study first validated the Bakdudaegan system through the analyses of a digital elevation model. The Bakdudaegan system has long been recognized as the Koreans traditional conceptual framework to characterize the spatial distribution of mountains. The analyses showed that the Bakdudaegan system has several problems to represent the mountain systems in Korea, which includes 1) the lack of the representativeness of drainage basins, 2) inaccuracy to depict the boundary of drainage basins, 3) the lack of representativeness of mountains, and 4) geo-polical issue that confines the spatial extent of mountain systems within the Korean Peninsular. In order to represent the mountains system in a more quantitative manner, we applied several terrain analysis techniques to understand the spatial distribution of mountains and drainage basins. Based on these analyses, we developed an hierarchical system to classify the continuity (If mountains, which are presented as the spatial distribution of drainage divides with a certain elevation. The first-order Sanjulgi is the drainage divides whose drainage basin are bigger than $5,000km^2$ and the point elevation is above 100m. The next order Sanjulgi is delineated as the size of drainage basin is successively divided by two. This kind of design is able to provide a logical framework to present the mountain systems at different details, depending on the purpose and scale of maps. We also provide several empirical functions to calculate various geomorphological indices for each order of Sanjulgi. The 'Sanjulgi Jido' is similar with the Bakdudaegan system, since it characterizes the continuity of mountains based on the spatial distribution of the drainage divide. It, however, has more scientific criteria to define the scale and continuity of mountains. It should be also noted that the 'Sanjulgi Jido' proposed has different logical and methodological background, compared with the mountain range map that explains the genesis of mountain systems in addition to the continuity of mountains.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.1A
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• pp.39-48
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• 2012

This study deals with numerical determination of stress intensity factors of adhesively patch-repaired plates with cracks at V-shaped or semicircular notches. The p-convergent anisoparametric model are considered and then three-dimensional virtual crack closure technique is presented using formulations of anisoparametric elements. In assumed displacement fields of an element, strain-displacement relations and three-dimensional constitutive equations are derived with three-dimensional hierarchical shape functions expanded from one-dimensional Lobatto functions. Transfinite mapping technique is used to represent a circular boundary. The present model provides accuracy and simplicity in terms of stress concentration factor, stress distribution, the number of degrees of freedom, and non-dimensional stress intensity factor as compared with previous works in literatures. Stress intensity factors obtained by the three-dimensional virtual crack closure technique are estimated with respect to the variation of width of finite plate, radius of notch root, angular inclination of V-shaped notch, and crack length.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.115-123
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• 2018

This study aims to analyze the importance of activating factors in the companies operating in the free trade zone of Pyeongtaek Port by using hierarchical analytical decision making method and suggest implications according to the analysis results. As a result of analyzing the importance of the five factors, it was found that most of the companies in the free trade zone of Pyeongtaek Port were aware of the infrastructure factor (0.330), finance and budget (0.223), organization and operation (0.188), manpower (0.119) in order of importance. In detail, the expansion of the route was recognized as the most important improvement. and Manufacturing companies were judged to be a more important factor in improving the entry conditions of manufacturers and strengthening the distribution of value added. In logistics companies, the importance of manpower is higher than manufacturing companies. The implications for the results of the analysis are diversification of route in Pyeongtaek Port, improvement of the infrastructure near the free trade zone, and The need for institutional improvements. Also, in the future, we suggest the necessity of activation research for non - residents.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1125-1139
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• 2006

The cluster analysis of diurnal precipitation patterns is performed by using daily precipitation of 59 stations in South Korea from 1973 to 1996 in four seasons of each year. Four seasons are shifted forward by 15 days compared to the general ones. Number of clusters are 15 in winter, 16 in spring and autumn, and 26 in summer, respectively. One of the classes is the totally dry day in each season, indicating that precipitation is never observed at any station. This is treated separately in this study. Distribution of the days among the clusters is rather uneven with rather low area-mean precipitation occurring most frequently. These 4 (seasons)$\times$2 (wet and dry days) classes represent more than the half (59 %) of all days of the year. On the other hand, even the smallest seasonal clusters show at least $5\sim9$ members in the 24 years (1973-1996) period of classification. The cluster analysis is directly performed for the major $5\sim8$ non-correlated coefficients of the diurnal precipitation patterns obtained by factor analysis In order to consider the spatial correlation. More specifically, hierarchical clustering based on Euclidean distance and Ward's method of agglomeration is applied. The relative variance explained by the clustering is as high as average (63%) with better capability in spring (66%) and winter (69 %), but lower than average in autumn (60%) and summer (59%). Through applying weighted relative variances, i.e. dividing the squared deviations by the cluster averages, we obtain even better values, i.e 78 % in average, compared to the same index without clustering. This means that the highest variance remains in the clusters with more precipitation. Besides all statistics necessary for the validation of the final classification, 4 cluster centers are mapped for each season to illustrate the range of typical extremities, paired according to their area mean precipitation or negative pattern correlation. Possible alternatives of the performed classification and reasons for their rejection are also discussed with inclusion of a wide spectrum of recommended applications.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.169-185
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• 2004

It is an urgent problem that Korea logistics enteprises' expansion of advance into China market and the logistics network establishment between Korea and China to back up the former are to be solved. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to deduce the subjects to establish the logistics network between Korea and China, and to evaluate the priority order. The results of this research are as follows: First, we conducted face-to-face interviews on the advisery group in China and Korean enterprises which advanced into China, and drew out 6 promoting subjects to build the logistics network between the two. Second, the AHP model was adopted, which is a multi-criteria?multi-hierarchical decision making method, to draw out the weight and priority order of the deduced 6 promoting items. Third, the resultant priority order of the promoting subjects is as follows: No.1 - to establish the distribution & logistics support center by region(0.3900); No.2 - to support various taxes in investing the logistics business abroad(0.1980) ; No.3 - to improve the management of CIQ(0.1958); No.4 - to back up the joint-venture of logistics firms(0.1169); No.5 - to enhance trade and foreign policies to deregulate the entry into logistics markets(0.0536); No.6 - to construct the logistics information system of China(Northest Ssia)(0.0458). This paper resulted in finding out Korea logistics enterprises that have not secured their own inland-transport network in China and the actual difficulties of Korean enterprises with using the inferior network that advanced into China. These problems were developed into the analysis adopting the AHP method, and the significancy of this paper is to present the priority order of promoting problems using a sophisticated technique.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.68
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• pp.34-64
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• 2014

This paper analyzed the modes of human communication of the Korean enlightenment era through 9 new-style novels with the assumption that the fictitious world of novels reflect the social realities of that time. The most noticeable fact was that the communication environment of that time were remarkably diversified with the new media, such as newspaper, printed book, postal system, telegraph, telephone, and photo. But the communication of most people was mainly relied on traditional oral communication. In oral communication the hierarchical relationship and age were the most important variable as usual but the formality and etiquette were weakened than Late Chosun Dynasty. The distribution of written culture was enlarged especially by women and lower class. The contact with the foreign cultures which had become possible after the opening of ports brought about intercultural communication. In conclusion it can be said that the communication of people in the enlightenment era was mainly by oral communication but the reliance on the media was enlarged gradually.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.485-491
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• 2008

The present study examined the relation between land cover condition and temperature in various types of urban green spaces. The diagram of temperature distribution showed that high-temperature zones are formed around paved areas, and low temperature zone around planted areas and grassy areas. Even in planted areas where low-temperature zones were formed, temperature was different according to hierarchical structure. That is, temperature was relatively low in areas covered with arbor + sub-arbor. With regard to land cover ratio, the increase of planted areas and grassy areas had an effect on the fall of temperature and the effect was higher in order of planted areas and grassy areas. On the contrary, paved areas and bare areas had an effect on the rise of temperature. According to the results of factor analysis, in case of the highest temperature, planted area and grassy area were put together into a factor lowering temperature, paved area and temperature into a factor raising temperature, and bare area alone into a factor of low significance. In case of the lowest temperature, grassy area and bare area were put together into a factor, and the validity of the factor analysis was proved by the analysis of urban heat islands. An increase in the number of trees by height was effective in lowering temperature, and the effect was high in order to arbor and sub-arbor, and the source of coldness in planted area was tall trees.