• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2018

Background: The flowering plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. has been used for many studies on fruit or leaf extracts. This study was conducted to investigate the development of a new cosmetic material from H. rhamnoides fruits and leaves that have by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wrinkle improvement activities. Methods and Results: The antioxidant abilities of H. rhamnoides extracts, including of a water-soluble fruit powder (FW), a fatsoluble fruit powder (FF), a supercritical extract of fruit by-product (BS), and a mixture of leaf and fruit (MIX), were investigated in vitro. A DPPH radical assay for antioxidant activity was performed for these fractions alongside assay to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC). As expected, the MIX had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity ($RC_{50}=10.27{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and the TPC and TFC also were highest in MIX ($225.7mg{\cdot}GAE/g$, and $25.18mg{\cdot}QE/g$, respectively). Nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was estimated and the results indicated an over 75% decrease of NO production in FF and MIX. In other assays, the highest elastase inhibitory activity was found in FW. Conclusions: These results revealed that H. rhamnoides extracts have a high potential for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiwrinkle activities. H. rhamnoides products are suggested to be applied as the functional materials of cosmetic ingredients.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 1993

The genus Ganoderma is typical wood-rotting fungi and its fruiting body has been used as an important herb in oriental medicine. Recent research discovered antitumor components from Ganoderma lncidum. Various Ganoderma species are being cultivated in Korea. However, taxonomic system of the genus Ganoderma has been based mainly on the macromorphology of fruiting bodies and the ultrastructural characteristics of basidiospores. Since there are similar characteristics in Ganoderma mycelia grown on the same artificial media, it is suggested that the compatibility of the fungi by di-mon mating be used as an aid to determine the identity of species in addition to the conventional characterization. In this study, we examined physiological and genetical properties such as growth temperature, pH, compatibility and enzyme or protein patterns of laccase, esterase and cellular proteins of G. lucidum RZ, G. tsugae and Ganoderma species cultivated in Korea by electrophoresis for characterization of the isolates. We found that compatibility test and isozyme patterns of laccase and esterase of the mycelia could be used for the differentiation of the isolates. These results showed that Ganoderma species cultivated in Korea is genetically similar to G. lucidum but physiologically closer to G. tsugae than to G. lucidum.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 1973

Zea mays Linne belonging to Graminae family has been ordinarily made use of foods and fodder. Maydis Stigma, the stigma of maize, has been discarded without any special application with the exception of being applied as diuretic in the sphere of Chinese medicine, moreover, the pharmacological research toward Maydis Stigma as a medical herb has not been regretfully undertaken at all. The authors hereby paid attention to this point of view and made experiment to find out whether the water extract of Maydis Stigma might possess some pharmacological effect on the motility of the isolated rabbit uterus. The experiment was performed making the use of several agents related to the uterine motility such as acetylcholine, pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, barium chloride, quinine sulfate and oxytocin. The motility of the isolated rabbit uterus in Tyrode' solution was recorded with the electric kymograph according to Magnus method. The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. The motility of the isolated pregnant and nonpregnant rabbit uterus represents the tendency of gradual contractility in proportion to the concentration of ZW $10^{-4}$, $5{\times}10^{-4}$ and $10^{-3}$. 2. The uterine contractile effect of ZW $10^{-3}$ probably seems to antagonize the effect of epinephrine $10^{-6}$. 3. ZW $10^{-3}$ does not seem to have the significance with barium chloride, quinine sulfate and oxytocin respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2012

Licorice is a very useful herbal medicine frequently prescribed, but glycyrrhizin, one of its components, can cause pseudoaldosteronism presenting hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and hypertension as a result of prolonging a biological half-life of systemic steroid by strongly inhibiting the enzyme $11{\beta}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. The risk factors for this side effect are still unclear. Here, 479 hospitalized patients taking herbal medicines including licorice for more than five days were recruited to analyze their serum potassium levels, under following parameters ; age and gender of patient, dose and period of licorice, disease state such as hypertension and with or without diuretics. They were divided into the non-occurrence group (over 3.5 mEq/L) and the occurrence group (under 3.5 mEq/L) of hypokalemia based on serum potassium levels during hospitalization. The average ages of the non-occurrence group and the occurrence group were $52.6{\pm}17.8$ and $68{\pm}10.5$, respectively (p < 0.001). But there were no noticeable differences in the daily dose of licorice, days of taking, and total dose between groups. Regression analysis showed that odd ratio of age (>60) and taking diuretics inducing hypokalemia was 3.5 (95%CI 1.5-8.1), 4.6 (95%CI 2.0-10.9) that indicates significant correlation with hypokalemia. Based upon this analysis, it is imperative to monitor regularly the risk of pseudoaldosteronism or hypokalemia not only when administered licorice of high dose for long period but also when combined it with diuretics causing hypokalemia to the elderly patients over 60 year old.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2011

The in-vitro eliminative effects of against three types of herbal extract and formalin Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were examined. All parasites were killed within one hour after exposure to the 500 fold dilution of the complex herb extract whereas the 10 fold dilution of the fertilized solution of Salvia plebeia R. Br. killed all parasites within one hour after exposure. The 5,000 fold dilution of the extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves killed all parasites within one hour after exposure. As a comparative agent, formalin killed all parasites within one hour at 100 ppm. As the results, the extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts have the most eliminative ability against the parasite. No differences were found among different parasite density in eliminative effects of the three types of herbal extracts and formalin. Also there were no changes in the fish gill tissues after exposure for two hours to the 5,000 fold dilution of the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.348-353
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• 2011

The aim of the present study is to investigate the cytokine production inhibitory effect of a Dictamni Radicis Cortex (DRC). DRC has been commonly used as important medicinal herb in China and it used to control eczema, atopic dermatitis, fever and inflammatory diseases. Inflammation, such as a bacterial infection in vivo metabolites, such as external stimuli or internal stimuli to the defense mechanisms of the biological tissue a variety of intracellular regulatory factors deulin inflammatory TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, such as proinflammatory cytokines, prostagrandin, lysosomal enzyme, free radicals are involved in a variety of mediators. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the DRC on proinflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS expression and TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The cell toxicity was determined by MTS assay. To evaluate of anti-inflammatory effect of DRC, amount of NO was measured using the NO detection kit and the iNOS expression was measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. As a result, the DRC reduced NO, iNOS expression and TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 production without cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that the DRC may have an anti-inflammatory property through suppressing inflammatory mediator productions.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2010

In order to facilitate the quality control of Artemisia capillaris, a simple, accurate and reliable HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the six bioactive compounds: scopolin (1), chlorogenic acid (2), 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone 4-glycoside (3), hyperoside (4), isorhamnetin 3-Orobinobioside (5), and scoparone (6), which were selected as the chemical markers of A. capillaris. Separation was achieved on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column with a gradient solvent system of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous-acetonitrile at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min and detected at 254 nm. All six calibration curves showed good linearity ($R^2$ > 0.998). A simple reversed phase HPLC method was developed for extracting pharmacologically active compounds scopolin, chlorogenic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone 4-glycoside, hyperoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-robinobioside, and scoparone from A. capillaris using a binary gradient of acetonitrile : 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid with UV detection at 254 nm. The scopolin (1), chlorogenic acid (2), 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone 4-glycoside (3), hyperoside (4), isorhamnetin 3-O-robinobioside (5), and scoparone (6) contents of the herb of A. capillaris collected from fifteen district markets in Korea were 0.00~0.90 mg/g, 0.06~7.29 mg/g, 0.06~0.91 mg/g, 0.07~5.05 mg/g, 0.42~13.11 mg/g, and 1.11~29.82 mg/g, respectively. The results demonstrated that this method is simple and reliable for the quality control of A. capillaris.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2003

Polygonum cuspidatum has been used as a fork medicine for a long time. Emodin was purified from the root of P. cuspidatum by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative high perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of emodin on the migration of endothelial cells and in vitro angiogenesis stimulated with vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) were examined, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and porcine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PPAECs). Emodin potently inhibited the VEGF-induced migration of (HUVECs) at relatively low cocentrations $(0.1-10\;{\mu}g/ml)$; the inhibition of endothelial cells by emodin was 75.4% at $0.1\;{\mu}g/ml$ and about 90% at $1\;{\mu}g/ml$. Emodin also inhibited VEGF-induced sprout formation in vitro at concentrations of $0.1-10\;{\mu}g/ml$. Emodin was also evaluated for the inhibitory potential on in vivo angiogenesis in a growing chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes (CAM). At a concentration of $1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$ Per disc, emodin was able to induce avacular zone in the CAMs. These findings suggest that emodin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor and P. cuspidatum is a useful herb in the development of therapeutics for angiogenesis dependent diseases.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.2 s.149
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• pp.123-127
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• 2007

Aristolochic acid (AA) included in the plants Aristolochiaceae have been well known to be nephrotoxic and carcinogenic inducer and to cause renal disease such as Chinese Herb Nephropathy (CHN). In this study, we used a high performance liquid chromatopaphy-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) under the positive ion detection mode for the quantitative change of aristolochic acid-I and-II (AA-I and AA-II) in Aristolochiaceae (Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc., Aristolochia fangchi Wu), some related plants (Cocculus trilobus De candolle, Inula helenium Linne, Saussurea lappa Clarke), and its prescriptions (防己茯笭湯, 定喘散) with or without processing. Here, the processing methods and prescriptions in oriental medicine were generally used to alleviate toxicity or alter property of herbal medicines. However, the concentrations of AA-I and AA-II were highly determined in processed material extracts rather than unprocessed those, not measured in some related plants. Also, the concentrations of AA-I and AA-II even at the prescriptions mixed the plants of Aristolochiaceae were detected to range from 0.73 to 2.53 ppm. Thus, the present results suggest that the content of AA-I and AA-II contained to plants of Aristolochiaceae was not reduced by the processing methods or prescriptions which can induce the physico-chemical change and pharmacological transformation in traditional herbal medicines.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2003

Sokmyeungtang was the representative prescription for Apoplexy under the rule of Tang and Song dynasty of which the cultures were thriving in the history of China. However, the clinical use of Sokmyeungtang has been gradually reduced since Geumwon dynasty of China because it was misunderstood that the dryness heat drugs of pungent in flavor and warm in property such as Ephedra, Pubescent Angelica Root, Chinese Cassia Tree-Bark, Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root, Prepared Aconite Root, Fresh Ginger, and Wildginger Herb included in the presciption for Apoplexy supplemented heat as damaging Yin flood. In fact, the drugs pungent in flavor and warm in property activate exterior and interior circulation, circulate channels and collaterals, promote blood circulation, and remove blood stasis with the side effect of relieving exterior syndrome with drugs warming channels. When treating Apoplexy with Sokmyeungtang, the cold drugs such as Gypsum, Baikai Skullcap Root, and Pueraria Root are prescribed to suppress fire of pungent dryness and to control excessive heat of people with Apoplexy as reducing the effects of hot drugs causing impairment of Yin. For treatment of Apoplexy, the above drugs accelerate blood and Qi circulation in channels and collaterals and then in necrotic tissue of human body as removing blood stasis. Consequently, these drugs improve disorders of capillary tube circulation. If Sokmyeungtang, an old prescription, is properly understood, it will be substantially helpful to all kinds of treatments in clinical cases