• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.13-33
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• 2012

Objective : The aim of this study is to find the therapeutic meaning of Pericarpium Granati and Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae in herbal medication. Methods : About the origin, the component, the processing the drug, the properties and tastes of drugs, the meridian tropism, the effects, the treating disease, the contraindication and the method of adminictration, I have researched 23 literatures and 10 disquisitions to mention the Pericarpium Granati and Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae. Result : 1. Pericarpium Granati is pericarp of mature fruit of The Pomegranate belongs to Punicaceae and Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae is bark of Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Miquel) Hara belongs to Betulaceae. 2. Pericarpium Granati consists of tannin 10.4~21.3%, lead 0.8%, resin 4.5%, mannitol 1.8%, sugar 2.7%, gum 3.2%, inulin 1.0%, musilage 0.6%, gallic acid 4.0%. Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae consists of betulin about 35%, various higher fatty acid about 35%, tannin about 7%. 3. The properties and taste of Pericarpium Granati is acid, astringency, warm, nontoxic and the meridian tropism is mainly stomach and large intestine meridian. The properties and taste of Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae is bitter, cold, nontoxic and the meridian tropism is mainly stomach meridian. 4. Pericarpium Granati has come into general use to treat roundworm, tapeworm, old diarrhea, anal prolapse, melena, metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, stomachache from worms, scabies etc. because it is effective on insecticiding, stopping diarrhea, controling hemorrhage and leukorrhea. Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae has come into general use to treat shigellosis, diarrhea, jaundice, cough, sputum, tonsillitis, pneumonia, nephritis, furuncle, prurigo, acne etc. because it is effective on cooling down heat, circulating humidity, removing phlegm, stopping cough, neutralizing poison. 5. Pericarpium Granati and Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae is useful method to external care. To use the herba, pulverize amount of property and then apply to the affected part. Conclusion : This study showed that Pericarpium Granati and Cortex Betulae Platyphyllae is useful herb to treat of skin disease and useful method to external care.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the thermo-physical properties and design Freezing time prediction model from data of freezing test of Kimchi. Density of Kimchi were measured as 1001.9 ${\pm}$0.03 kg/㎥ at unfrozen state, 987.0 ${\pm}$0.07 kg/㎥ at frozen state and volume of the Kimchi expanded 4.67% at -l5$^{\circ}C$. Initial freezing point of Kimchi and seasoning were -4.0$^{\circ}C$ and -2.5$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Freezing ratio of Kimchi were estimated more than 50％ at -5.0$^{\circ}C$, more than 75% at -l0$^{\circ}C$ and approximately 90% at -25$^{\circ}C$. To obtain equation for freezing time prediction of Kimchi, freezing time(Y) was regressed against the reciprocal( $X_3$) of difference of initial freezing point and freezing medium temperature, reciprocal( $X_4$) of surface heat transfer coefficient, the initial temperature( $X_1$) and thickness( $X_2$) of samples. As results of the multiple regression analysis, equations were obtained as follows. Y$_{kimchi}$=3.856 $X_1$+13982.8 $X_2$+8305.166 $X_3$+ 3559.181 $X_4$-639.189( $R^2$=0.9632). These equations shown better results than previous models, and the accuracy of its was very high as average absolute difference of about 10% in the difference between the fitted and experimental results.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.200-205
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• 2016

A drug transport carrier could be used for safe send of drugs to the affected region in a human body. The chitosan is adequate for the drug delivery carrier because of adaptable to living body. The gold, a metallic nanoparticles, tends to form a nano complex at rapidly when it combined with chitosan because of its negative charge. having energy from the other, outer gold nano-complex make heat due to its property to release the contained drugs to the target area. Silver could be also formed an useful biocompatible nano-composites with chitosan which should be used as an useful drug transfer carrier because its special ability to protect microbial contamination. Being one of the oxidized nano metals, $Fe_3O_4$ is nontoxic and has been used for its magnetic characteristics. In this study, the control of catalyst, reducing agent, and solvent amount. The chitosan-$Fe_3O_4$-gold & silver nanoshell have been changed to form about 100 nm size by ionic bond between the amine group, an end group of chitosan, and the metal. It was observed the change in order to seek for its optimum reaction condition as a drug transfer carrier.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1078-1084
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• 2003

In order to develop a new type of nonlinear optical materials or photocatlaysts, Na$_2$O-Nb$_2$ $O_{5}$-Te $O_2$ glasses were prepared using conventional melt quenching method, and the crystallization behaviors and optical properties of these glasses was investigated. The optical and physical properties for Na$_2$O-Nb$_2$ $O_{5}$-Te $O_2$ glasses are: refractive index, n=2.04$\pm$0.04; density, p (g/㎤)=4.87$\pm$0.58; optical energy band of the transmission cut-off wavelength, E$_{0}$ (eV)=3.14$\pm$0.04. The transparent glass ceramics consisting of the nanocrysatls were obtained when the Na$_2$O-Nb$_2$ $O_{5}$-Te $O_2$ glass was first heat-treated at 3$50^{\circ}C$ for 1 h and than at 40$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. A cubic crystalline phase consisting of the nano-crysatls transforms into a stable phase at temperature above 47$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 h.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2004

The industrialization of central Europe more than 100 ago marked the beginning of densely concentrated buildings in quickly growing cities. A cheap type of roofing material of that time was tar. But it was dangerous because it was high inflammable. Then some roofer had a splendid idea. They used sandy material as a final layer atop the impermeable tar layer. These roofs were much more fire resistant than the typical roofs. In this sandy layer some plant species began to grow spontaneously. This was the beginning of the green roof history of modern Europe. A number of these green roofs survived both world wars. In the early 80's in Berlin alone, 50 such buildings existed and they continued to be waterproof until the present day. Since the 1992 Earth Summit of 1992 in Rio de Janeiro(http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/basic_info/unced.html) the term "sustainable development" became of central interest of urban designers. In city regions green roofs had become synonymous with this term. With a small investment, long-lasting roofs can be created. Further back in history, more exciting examples of green roofs can be found. The hanging gardens of antiquity are well-known. There are also green roofs built as insulation against cold and heat all over the world. For over 20 years, roof greening in central Europe has been closely examined for various reasons. Roof greening touches several different disciplines. Of primary interest is the durability of the roofs. But ecologists are also interested in green roofs, for instance in biodiversity research. The beneficial effect of greening on water proofing was also proven. For some time, the issue of fire protection was investigated. According to tests, green roofs received a harsh careful rating. Their fire protective property is considered similar to that of tile roofs. Another recent impulse for the green roof movement in Germany has come from the evident improvement of storm water retention and the reduced burden on the sewer system. The question of whether and how much energy green roofs can save has become an urgent question. The state of the research and also various open questions from a central European point of view will be discussed in the context of international collaboration. Apart from academic considerations, those who involve themselves in this issue take a predominantly positive view of the numerous existing green roofs in Germany. In some cities, green roofs are the typical construction technique for new buildings. A few outstanding examples will conclude this review. In Germany, about 20 companies, some of which operate internationally, specialize in green roof consulting. Learning from each other in an open-ended way with respect to different construction techniques and applications in various climatic regions can only be accomplished through such international collaboration as is taking place here.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.262-272
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• 2003

Maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene(PP-g-MA) were used as a blend component and a compatibilizer, respectively, for two reactive blends of polyamide 66(PA 66)PP-g-MA binary blends and PA 66/polypropylene(PP)/PP-g-MA ternary blends. The goal of this work was to investigate the property differences between binary and ternary blends. Tensile strength, flexural modulus, heat deflection temperature, impact strength, melt flow index, and the dependence of melt viscosity on the shear rate were examined. The impact strengths of binary blends were higher than those of ternary blends at all compositions, since the in situ synthesis of PP-g-PA 66 copolymer through the imide formation between the amine end group of PA 66 and the anhydride group of PP-g-MA gave the increase of molecular weight and was more popular in binary blends than in ternary blends. In case of ternary blends, most of the properties were superior to those of binary blends, owing to the better properties of PP compared with PP-g-MA. The toughened binary blends with 70/30(PA 66/PP-g-MA) and 80/20 ratios were not commercially applicable due to their poor processibility. So, the ternary blends which showed lower melt viscosities were recommended for the commercial applications.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of milling of boron (B), which is one of raw materials of $MgB_2$, on the critical current density ($J_c$) of $MgB_2$. B powder used in this study is semi-amorphous B (Pavezyum, Turkey, 97% purity, 1 micron). The size of B powder was reduced by planetary milling using $ZrO_2$ balls (a diameter of 2 mm). The B powder and balls with a ratio of 1:20 were charged in a ceramic jar and then the jar was filled with toluene. The milling time was varied from 0 to 8 h. The milled B powders were mixed with Mg powder in the composition of (Mg+2B), and the powder mixtures were uniaxially pressed at 3 tons. The powder compacts were heat-treated at $700^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in flowing argon gas. Powder X-ray diffraction and FWHM (Full width at half maximum) were used to analyze the phase formation and crystallinity of $MgB_2$. The superconducting transition temperature ($T_c$) and $J_c$ of $MgB_2$ were measured using a magnetic property measurement system (MPMS). It was found that $B_2O_3$ was formed by B milling and the subsequent drying process, and the volume fraction of $B_2O_3$ increased as milling time increased. The $T_c$ of $MgB_2$ decreased with increasing milling time, which was explained in terms of the decreased volume fraction of $MgB_2$, the line broadening of $MgB_2$ peaks and the formation of $B_2O_3$. The $J_c$ at 5 K increased with increasing milling time. The $J_c$ increase is more remarkable at the magnetic field higher than 3 T. The $J_c$ at 5 K and 4 T was the highest as $4.37{\times}10^4A/cm^2$ when milling time was 2 h. The $J_c$ at 20 K also increased with increasing milling time. However, The $J_c$ of the samples with the prolonged milling for 6 and 8 h were lower than that of the non-milled sample.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.479-485
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• 2011

Pt-Bi/C catalysts supported on carbon black with various Pt/Bi ratios were synthesized by a reduction method. Chloroplatinic acid hydrate ($H_2PtCl_6{\cdot}xH_2O$) and bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate ($Bi(NO_3)_3{\cdot}5H_2O$) were used as precursors for Pt and Bi, respectively. Before loading metal on carbon, heat treatment and pretreatment of carbon black in an acidic solution was conducted to enhance the degree of dispersion. The physical property of the synthesized catalysts was investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The XRD pattern of untreated Pt-Bi/C catalyst showed BiPt and $Bi_2Pt$ peaks in addition to Pt peaks. These results imply that Bi atoms were incorporated into the Pt crystal lattice by Pt-Bi alloy formation. The catalytic activity for methanol oxidation was measured using cyclic voltammetry in a mixture of 0.5 M $H_2SO_4$ and 0.5 M $CH_3OH$ aqueous solution. The addition of proper amount of Bi was found to significantly improve catalytic activity for methanol oxidation. The catalytic activity for methanol oxidation was closely related to the stability between electrode and electrolyte. In order to investigate the stability of catalysts, chronoamperometry analysis was carried out in the same solution at 0.6 V.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.127-141
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• 2022

Objectives : The mechanism of Gegenjieji-tang from the Han chapter of Donguibogam was studied. Focus was on the wind medicinals which constituted a large part of the formula. Methods : Medical texts from which Gegenjieji-tang originated were searched in the Zhongyifangjidacidian with which application, composition, and treatment mechanism of the Gegenjieji-tang as written in medical texts such as the Donguibogam were compared. Based on related research and medical texts, it could be determined that many ingredients of the formula were wind medicinals as suggested by Li Dongyuan. The meaning of such composition was analyzed through texts such as the Piweilun, after which mechanism of the Gegenjieji-tang was examined. Results : Based on the Zhongyifangjidacidian, Gegenjieji-tang of the Donguibogam seems to have originated from the Chaigejiejitang of the Shanghanliushu, as medicinal composition and medical application written in texts such as the Donguibogam and Shanghanliushu, along with treatment mechanism, are found to be similar to each other. Gegenjieji-tang is applied to relieve the flesh and the Stomach Channel of pathogenic Qi. The formula includes gegen, chaihu, qianghu, and shengma, which are wind medicinals according to Li Dongyuan. Wind medicinals generally have the property of uplifting and dispersing Qi. The four aforementioned herbs relieve fire stagnation and relieve heat in the flesh and muscles. Conclusions : Based on the composition of the formula which includes the four herbs that uplifts and disperses Qi, and relieves fire stagnation, it could be understood that the Gegenjieji-tang has the effect of easing the flesh through loosening Qi stagnation. Gegenjieji-tang is not simply used to purge pathogenic Qi, but to communicate the bodily Qi ultimately easing the flesh.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.218-226
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• 2022

Hydrogen, a carrier of large-capacity chemical and clean energy, is an important industrial gas widely used in the petrochemical industry and fuel cells. In particular, hydrogen is mainly produced from fossil fuels through steam reforming and gasification, and carbon dioxide is generated as a by-product. Therefore, in order to obtain high-purity hydrogen, carbon dioxide should be removed. This review focused on free-standing polymeric membranes and mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) that separate hydrogen from carbon dioxide reported in units of Barrer [1 Barrer = 10^-10 cm³ (STP) × cm / (cm² × s × cmHg)]. By analyzing various recently reported papers, the structure, morphology, interaction, and preparation method of the membranes are discussed, and the structure-property relationship is understood to help find better membrane materials in the future. Robeson's upper bound limits for hydrogen/carbon dioxide separation were presented through reviewing the performance and characteristics of various separation membranes, and various MMMs that improve separation properties using technologies such as crosslinking, blending and heat treatment were discussed.