• 대한한의학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the agreement between traditional face-to-face Korean medicine (KM) pattern identification and non-face-to-face KM pattern identification using the data from related questionnaires, tongue image, and pulse features in patients with cancer. Methods: From January to June 2020, 16 participants with a cancer diagnosis were recruited at the one Korean medicine hospital. Three experienced Korean medicine doctors independently diagnosed the participants whether they belong to the cold pattern or not, heat pattern or not, deficiency pattern or not, and excess pattern or not. Another researcher collected KM pattern related data using questionnaires including Cold-Heat Pattern Identification (CHPI), tongue image analysis system, and pulse analyzer. Collected KM pattern related data without participants' identifier was provided for the three Korean medicine doctors in random order, and non-face-to-face KM pattern identification was carried out. The kappa value between face-to-face and non-face-to-face pattern identification was calculated. Results: From the face-to-face pattern identification, there were 13/3 cold/non-cold pattern, 4/12 heat/non-heat pattern, 14/2 deficiency/non-deficiency pattern, and 0/16 excess/non-excess pattern participants. In cold/non-cold pattern, kappa value was 0.455 (sensitivity: 0.85, specificity: 0.67, accuracy: 0.81). In heat/non-heat pattern, the kappa value was 0.429 (sensitivity: 0.75, specificity: 0.72, accuracy: 0.75). The kappa value of deficiency/non-deficiency and excess/non-excess pattern was not calculated because of the few participants of non-deficiency, and excess pattern. Conclusions: The agreement between traditional face-to-face pattern identification and non-face-to-face pattern identification seems to be moderate. The non-face-to-face pattern identification using questionnaires, tongue, and pulse features may feasible for the large clinical study.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.31-44
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• 1987

Nowadays, the problems of energy and environmental pollution become serious day by day and the diesel engine, which has been proved to be superior to gasoline engine with respect to fuel consumption and ecological problems of exhaust gas, has been adopted widely for various purposes from the marine diesel engine and the dynamo engine to all kinds of engine on land. Therefore, extensive parametric studies on combustion of diesel engine should be done for its desing and improvement. To predict the behavior of diesel engien according to variable operating conditions by means of cycle simulation, the reasonable pattern of heat release rate has to be asumed. But it is necessary to know the actual variation of heat release rate in order to assume the reasonable pattern of heat release rate according to the actual operating conditions. In this paper, on a high speed small bore diesel engine with pre-combustion chamber, experimental investigations were carried out to determine the relationship between the heat release pattern and parameters such as engine load and speed. And also, the theoretical investigations about the performance variations of the above diesel engine according to the predicted pattern of heat release rate variation were performed. From the above observations, it may be said that the Fanboro indicator, which was used to get the cylinder pressure, can be used to estimate a reasonable pattern of heat release rate and it is confirmed that the pattern of heat release rate for the pre-combustion type engine is different from that of the direct injection type engine.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.267-277
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between Cold-Heat pattern tendency and demographic traits, physical character, and vital signs in hypertensive patients taking anti-hypertensive agents. Methods : 28 hypertensive patients 30 to 69 years old were recruited. We assessed their general characteristics, physical characteristics (height, weight, waist circumference, etc.), vital signs without respiratory rate (blood pressure, pulse rate, temperature) and administered a Cold-Heat pattern questionnaire. After that, we analyzed statistical data on separate groups according to Cold-Heat characteristics or other criteria. Results : 1. Heat group patients had statistically higher scores in waist, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and pulse rate. 2. Over weighted group patients had statistically lower scores in cold Pattern Identification. 3. Higher BMI group (above 23/25) patients had statistically significantly higher Heat scores and lower Cold scores, higher waist circumference group patients had lower Cold scores. Conclusions : From the above result in hypertensive patients taking hypertensive agents, Heat group had a obesity tendency and the inverse is also valid. Later, progressed study based on more samples and varied data will contribute to diagnosis the Cold-heat Pattern identification in hypertensive patients.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.727-736
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• 2010

This study is about researching mechanistic pattern identification of disease for DongEuiBoGam NaeGyungPyen by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of uterine, urine and excrements parts of DongEuiBoGam NaeGyun gPyen in NaeGyungPyen of DongEuiBoGam are these. Menstrual irregularities in DongEuiBoGam can be classified flui d-humor depletion, blood deficiency, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi stagnation complicated by heat, blood stasis, blood deficiency complicated by heat, syndrome of heat entering blood chamber, syndrome of cold entering blood chamber. The disease pattern of abdominal pain after menstruation in DongEuiBoGam is blood deficiency complicated by heat, and a dysmenorrhea represents blood stasis with heat, fluid-humor deficiency. Advanced menstruation represent dual heat of the qi and blood, delayed menstruation is blood deficiency. The disease pattern of inhibited urination in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency heat pattern of kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney qi deficiency, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fluid-humor depletion, spleen-stomach dual deficiency, and excess he at pattern of bladder excess heat. The disease pattern of urinary incontinence in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of kidney-bladder qi deficiency, consumptive disease, lung qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney yang deficiency and excess pattern of lower energizer blood amassment, bladder excess heat. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. The disease pattern of diarrhea in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of qi deficiency, qi fall, spleen yang deficiency, kidney yang deficiency and so on and excess pattern of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness-fire, phlegm-fluid retention, dietary irregularities, qi movement stagnation. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.428-437
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine if there is a significant correlation between the changes of Fire- and Heat- related symptoms and motor function recovery in acute cerebral infarction patients. Methods : We studied inpatients within a month after the onset of cerebral infarction who were admitted at Kyunghee University Medical Center from May 2011 to January 2013. We executed correlation analysis between Fire-heat pattern score and motricity index score at visit 1 and visit 2, and checked if there was a significant correlation between the changes of Fire-heat pattern score and changes of motricity index score. Also, we compared the changes of both scores in patients taking Fire-heat and non Fire-heat pattern prescriptions. Results : There was a significant correlation between the Fire-heat pattern score and Motricity index score at visit 1 and visit 2, and changes of Fire-heat pattern score showed significant correlation with changes of motricity index score. Patients taking Fire-heat pattern prescriptions showed significant change in Fire-heat pattern score after herb-medication treatment while patients taking non-Fire-heat prescriptions showed insignificant change in Fire-heat pattern score. Conclusions : This study provides evidence that taking a Fire-heat pattern prescription could be considered as a first line herb-medication treatment in acute cerebral infarction patients.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2019

In order to enhance the 8 principle pattern diagnosis rate comparing with diagnostic method by self-report questionnaire on cold/heat pattern in the clinical practice, a new diagnostic method using form-color-pulse-symptom (FCPS) system is proposed. FCPS system is composed of outputs of cold/heat pattern through the calculation process of contribution degree to the cold, heat pattern and qi, blood, yin, yang deficiency patterns, based on analysis of 16 mechanisms of disease calculated by diagnostic system of oriental medicine (DSOM) first. And second component is an output of differentiated 8 principle patterns in detail through binding and calculating process with digital informations of pulse, color, form, constitution obtained by computerized measurement system. Putting together above two processes consecutively, cold-heat complex or true/false cold/heat patterns and personalized characters of cold/heat patterns of each patient can be subdivided through a computation method of determining each pattern. In conclusion, 8 principle pattern identification can be performed more accurately using FCPS system than existent self report questionnaire method. These hypothetic proposal is needed to be proven by clinical trial for the future and then the accurate numbers used in each calculational function should be revised properly.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2016

Objectives : We presented the results of reliability study in advance, and analyzed agreement between Korean medicine doctors(KMDs)' diagnosis and cold-heat pattern identification questionnaire(CHPI)'s diagnosis. Methods : This survey was conducted from May 16 to 17, 2015. The subjects were 93 adults living in rural society. Diagnosis of CHPI was performed by 2 KMDs who have clinical experience more than 5 years. The KMDs' diagnosis was set as a reference index, and then we compare 23 items(cold pattern 11 items and heat pattern 12 items) of CHPI questionnaire and 15 items(cold pattern 8 items and heat pattern 7 items) that were brief form of it. We had cut-off value by standard of KMDs' diagnosis using receiver operating characteristic-curve(ROC-curve), with which we calculated agreement including kappa value. Correlation analysis between CHPI evaluation score by KMDs and by the questionnaire was fulfilled as well. Results : Agreement about 11 and 8 cold pattern items showed 87.1% together, and the value of kappa each recorded 0.742 and 0.741. Agreement about 12 and 7 heat pattern items suggested 81.7% and 78.5%, and the value of kappa showed 0.634 and 0.570. Correlation coefficients were 0.803 of 11 items and 0.761 of 8 items about cold pattern. In addition, correlation coefficients were 0.789 of 12 items and 0.767 of 7 items about heat pattern. The significant probability (p-value) was under 0.001. Conclusions : We have developed CHPI questionnaire involving reliability and agreement based on usual symptoms, and hope additional complements so that Korean medicine diagnostics and Korean preventive medicine would be improved.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.18-32
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• 2020

Objectives In order to find out the relationship between the Eight Principle Pattern Identification of Cold-Heat, Deficiency-Excess and the Sasang constitution, we analyzed the clinical data from 500 women with menstrual pain and women without menstrual pain. Methods In the previous study, the subject's information of Typology Complexion Pulse and Symptom was collected, and Eight Principle Pattern Identification was executed based on this. Later, the relationship between the Sasang constitution and the Eight Principle Pattern Identification was statistically analyzed. Results and Conclusion 1. The obvious difference between the experimental group and the control group in the patterns of Cold-Heat and Deficiency-Excess is that patients who complain of menstrual pain do not maintain harmony with the yin-yang ratio, it can be said that the patterns of Cold-Heat and Deficiency-Excess can be a Identification standard that significantly obscures the condition of the disease. 2. There was a significant difference between the Sasang constitution and the Eight Principle Pattern Identification of Cold-Heat. There was no significant difference between the Sasang constitution and the Eight Principle Pattern Identification of Deficiency-Excess.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.318-326
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate relationship between each pattern identification and heart rate variability(HRV) indices. We analyzed 201 subjects who participated in stroke check up. We classified the subjects into four groups of pattern identifications; Fire-Heat pattern(FH), Yin Deficiency pattern(YD), Qi Deficiency pattern(QD) and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(DP) that based on Korean Standard Pattern Identifications for Stroke-III. We investigated significance of HRV indices between each pattern identification and heart rate variability indices. The total number of the subject group was 201, whereas the groups were divided into four groups; Fire-Heat pattern group(n=47), Yin Deficiency pattern(n=65), Qi Deficiency pattern(n=33), and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(n=56). SDNN, TP, Ln(TP), VLF, Ln(VLF), LF, Ln(LF) and HF were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat pattern(FH) group than other groups of pattern identifications, but there was no differences among the Yin Deficiency group, the Qi Deficiency group and the Dampness-Phlegm group. Ln(HF), LF(NORM), HF(NORM) and LF/HF ratio were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat group than in the Qi Deficiency group. However, there was no significant differences among the Dampness-Phlegm group, the Yin Deficiency group, Fire-Heat group and the Qi Deficiency group. Through this study, we found out some significant relationships between each pattern identification group and HRV indices. The result of this study demonstrates that sympathetic nerve was more active in the Fire-Heat group than other groups.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.200-211
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• 2009

There are many reports about correlations between meteorological elements and stroke. In Oriental medicine, it is recognized that the weather affects the human body and diseases, but there are few studies about the correlation between meteorological elements and pattern identification of stroke. 105 stroke patients classified into fire-heat pattern or dampress-phlegm pattern were registered during the study period. We took the measurement of each meteorological element (atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed) according to pattern identification and analyzed pattern identification into two groups according to mean of each meteorological element during the study period. Mean temperature was higher with the heat-fire pattern than with the dampness-phlegm pattern. Heat-fire pattern also had higher frequency when temperature was higher than mean temperature. There was no correlation between atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, or wind speed and pattern identification.