• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.362-373
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• 2012

The ship recycling industry is growing rapidly. It is estimated that the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) decision to phase-out single hull tankers by 2015 will result in hundreds of ships requiring disposal. At present, the ship recycling industry is predominantly based in South Asia. Due to the bad practice of current scrapping procedure, the paper will highlight the harm occurring to health, safety and environment. The efforts of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) which led to the signing of the Hong Kong International Convention are also reviewed. The criteria and standards required to reduce the risk and damage to the environment are discussed and a proposed plan for the safe scrapping of ships is then presented. A technological and economic study for the ship recycling in Egypt is carried out as a case study. This includes the ship recycling facility size and layout. The equipment and staff required to operate the facility are also evaluated. A cost analysis is then carried out. This includes site development, human resources, machineries and equipment. A fuzzy logic approach is used to assess the benefits of the ship breaking yard. The use of the fuzzy logic approach is found suitable to make decisions for the ship breaking industry. Based on given constraints, the proposed model has proved capable of assessing the profit and the internal rate of return.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.34-47
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• 2004

Although Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) in Korea has been improved markedly over the past two decades, by enlarging the range of projects for assessment, instituting pub lic participation and environmental monitoring, and similar measures, it remains deficient in its coverage of human health in Environmental Impact Statements(EISs). Health Impact Assessment(HIA) can supply the necessary correctives. HIA is a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, programme, projects or legislative procedure may be judged for its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of these effects within it. The principle of health protection is, however, established as a primary concern in EIA processes, in practice health is scarcely mentioned or the discussion is limited to a description of effects through the biophysical environment. The whole range of possible effects on health, including those mediated by socio-economic factors is often ignored, and no effective mechanism are in place to successfully incorporating health criteria and expertise into environmental, assessment(EA) that include ElA, SEA. These are foremost among the current issues facing EIA in Korea.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.144-154
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• 2007

The acute and chronic toxicity of ambient and effluent water discharged to Lake Shihwa were investigated by using Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes. Physicochemical characteristics including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nine heavy metals in a total of 15 water samples were evaluated and were satisfied with relevant Korean Water Quality Standards (KWQS) except for Hg in one sample. Acute toxicity was observed in five samples collected from three sampling locations. When impacts on reproduction and growth after chronic exposure were evaluated with D. magna, all the samples showed significant chronic effects. Reproduction appeared relatively more sensitive endpoint. In 21 days chronic tests on O. latipes, survival, mean egg number per female per day, hatching success rate and time to hatch were affected by increasing sample concentration. The organ-level changes such as gonadosomatic index (GSI), and hepatosomatic index (HSI), and molecular biomarker of vitellogenin (Vtg) induction that evaluated with O. latipes increased as exposure concentrations increased. It is noteworthy that the samples that did not exceed the KWQS resulted in acute and chronic toxicities. The results suggested that numeric criteria based on physicochemical parameters may not be protective of aquatic ecosystem. Acute and chronic toxicity tests with organisms representing different trophic groups should be supplemented in order to provide adequate level of environmental protection.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.202-213
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• 2017

Objectives: HRA (Health Risk Assessment) is an important tool for measuring the health impacts of air pollution. HRA is already being used widely as an important reference for crafting air pollution policies. However, the absence of a domestic CRF (Concentration Response Function) standard, which is a main component for HRA, could cause confusion amongst policy-makers. The purpose of this study is to tabulate a domestic CRF standard for a PM (Particulate Matter)-related HRA. Methods: This study suggested a domestic CRF standard for HRA thorough a literature review. The literature review for meta-analysis was limited to the English language for epidemiological studies published from January 1980 to March 2016. This meta-analysis was conducted by assuming both fixed- and random-effects of CRF. In addition, studies that reported HRA of air pollution for WHO (World Health Organization), the EC (European Commission), and the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) were reviewed to compare the CRFs of South Korea to the recommended CRFs of WHO, the EC, or the EPA. Additionally, a domestic CRF standard was supplemented by these. Results: Nineteen studies were selected for the CRF for South Korea. Fifty-three CRFs were derived for meta-analysis. CRFs with a standard for PM-related HRA were divided according to the following four criteria: air pollution, exposure characteristics, type of health impact, and age group. Finally, a domestic CRF standard was created comprised of 21 CRFs. Among these, six CRFs were derived from the results of foreign HRA studies. Conclusions: This study is important in that a domestic CRF standard is first suggested. In addition, this study suggests a further area of study for using HRA as a policy tool and a direction of epidemiological study.

• 대한기관윤리심의기구협의회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.6-22
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• 2020

Purpose: Clinical studies require institutional review board (IRB) approval based on the ethical principle and regulations. While the number of clinical studies has been increased and diversified, duplicated IRB review for multi-center studies has become a major issue. Therefore, single IRB system has been suggested in revised Common Rule. This study aimed to identify and assess the current status of single IRB in Korea and the anticipated needs of single IRB from researchers and IRB member or administrators. Methods: We developed 14 questions including perceived advantages and disadvantages of single IRB, and anticipated problems. The online survey collected opinions on single IRB from researchers, IRB members and IRB administrators. We also interviewed five IRB administrators who have an experience of single IRB. Results: A total of 80 responses were analyzed in this study. Although efficiencies were suggested for the advantages of single IRB in terms of reducing burden of duplicated review, respondents also perceived that the different review criteria between single IRB and each IRB would be a major hurdle for adopting single IRB system. Therefore, the standardization of standard of procedures (SOP) and the standardization of IRB submission materials should be preceded. According to the small group experiences of single IRB in Korea, we also observed the similar anticipated problems of single IRB. Conclusion: Single IRB system has many advantages for conducting multi-center trial. However, many specialists still have a lot of concerns about introducing a single IRB system in Korea. Therefore, a gradual, step-by-step process for conducting a single IRB system in Korea will be needed. Many studies for improving currently suggested single IRB system and the improvement of awareness about the essential of single IRB system would be needed.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.337-342
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• 2017

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers (HCWs) employed in psychiatric inpatient wards is a serious occupational issue that involves both staff and patients; the consequences of WPV may include increased service costs and lower standards of care. The purpose of this review was to evaluate which topics have been focused on in the literature and which are new in approaching the concern of patient violence against HCWs employed in psychiatric inpatient wards, in the past 20 years. Methods: We searched for publications in PubMed and Web of Science using selected keywords. Each article was reviewed and categorized into one or more of the following four categories based on its subject matter: risk assessment, risk management, occurrence rates, and physical/nonphysical consequences. Results: Our search resulted in a total of 64 publications that matched our inclusion criteria. The topics discussed, in order of frequency (from highest to lowest), were as follows: "risk assessment," "risk management," "occurrence rates," and "physical/nonphysical consequences." Schizophrenia, young age, alcohol use, drug misuse, a history of violence, and hostile-dominant interpersonal styles were found to be the predictors of patients' violence. Conclusion: Risk assessment of violence by patients appeared the way to effectively minimize the occurrence of WPV and, consequently, to better protect mental HCWs. We found paucity of data regarding psychologic sequelae of WPV. According to these findings, we suggest the need to better investigate the psychologic consequences of WPV, with the aim of checking the effective interventions to assist HCW victims of violence and to prevent psychologic illness.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the safety of dental imaging in pregnant women with respect to fetal health. Materials and Methods: Searches were conducted of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in May 2023. The inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that focused on the analysis of diagnostic dental imaging in pregnant women, as well as studies utilizing phantoms to simulate imaging examinations. The exclusion criteria consisted of reviews, letters to the editor, book chapters, and abstracts from scientific conferences and seminars. Results: A total of 3,913 articles were identified. Based on a review of the titles and abstracts, 3,892 articles were excluded, leaving 21 articles remaining for full-text review. Of these, 18 were excluded, and 4 additional articles were included as cross-references. Ultimately, 7 articles underwent quantitative-qualitative analysis. Three retrospective studies were focused on pregnant women who underwent dental imaging procedures. The remaining 4 studies utilized female phantoms to simulate imaging examinations and represent the radiation doses absorbed by the uterus or thyroid. Conclusion: Few dental radiology studies have been conducted to determine the safe radiation threshold for pregnant women. Additionally, the reviewed articles did not provide numbers of dental examinations, by type, corresponding to this dose. Dental imaging examinations of pregnant women should not be restricted if clinically indicated. Ultimately, practitioners must be able to justify the examination and should adhere to the "as low as diagnostically acceptable, being indication-oriented and patient-specific" (ALADAIP) principle of radioprotection.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2018

의료산업은 세계적으로 빠르게 변화하고 의료서비스가 네트워크와 연결 되면서 다양한 형태의 서비스 제공이 검토되고 있다. 의료정보의 가치는 금융정보의 가치보다 높게 평가되고 있으며, 이로 인해 의료정보의 보호가 매우 중요해지고 있다. 랜섬웨어는 지속적으로 고도화 되고 있으며 정보의 가치가 높은 산업군을 대상으로 하고 있다. 특히, 2017의 랜섬웨어는 성장기를 지나 성숙기로 진입하면서 매우 다양하게 발전하고 고도화 되었다. 의료산업은 대부분 폐쇄망으로 구성되어 있었기 때문에, 악성코드의 위협에 대비가 부족하며, 이로 인해 랜섬웨어의 공격에 매우 취약하다. 단순히 의료산업의 보안표준에 명시되어 있는 기준을 충족하기 위한 보안이 아닌 실제 랜섬웨어의 유입을 효과적으로 막거나, 공격이 성공 했다 하더라도 그 피해를 최소화 하고 복구를 할 수 있는 방안이 추가 되어야 한다. 랜섬웨어는 매우 빠르게 진화하고 고도화 되고 있기 때문에 이에 대한 대비도 매우 빠르게 진행되어야 하고 실무적인 관점에서 접근을 해야 한다. ISO 27799, 27002 표준을 기준으로 진화된 랜섬웨어에 대응할 수 있는 요소를 도출하여 기존의 의료정보보호 시스템을 유지/관리 하면서도 랜섬웨어에 보다 효율적으로 대응할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.259-272
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• 2022

Objectives: To identify the factors influencing the turnover intention of registered South Korean dental hygienists and analyze the effect sizes. Methods: Overall, 54 studies based on criteria of PICO from 1 January 2000 to 11 January 2022 were extracted. The factors related to turnover intention were applied to the ecological system theory and categorized. Subsequently, the effect size of the correlations was comprehensively meta-analyzed by dividing it into protective and risk factors depending on the negative or positive correlation direction. Results: For the overall effect size, the protective factor (ES_r=-0.458) was higher than the risk factor (ES_r=0.352). In the protective factors, organizational commitment and perceived organizational support belonging to the microsystem yielded the largest effect size. Furthermore, as for risk factors, burnout, job stress, work harassment, role conflict, and emotional labor belonging to the microsystem showed a moderate effect size. Conclusions: Factors belonging to the microsystem demonstrated a large effect size in both protection and risk factors for dental hygienists' turnover intention. Additionally, the factor showing the largest effect size was protective factor categorized into a microsystem.

• 정보관리연구
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.125-154
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• 2005

인터넷의 발달로 개인정보의 수집 및 이용이 일상화됨에 따라 개인정보의 침해가 급속도로 확대 되고 있다. 의료분야에 대한 개인정보보호에 대해서는 '정보통신망이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률'등에 체계적으로 규정되어 있으나, 법적용 대상이 정보통신 서비스 제공자 위주로 규정되어 의료분야에 적용하는 데 한계가 있다. 때문에 본 논문에서는 국내 의료기관이 전자의무기록 시스템에 보안을 적용하기 위해 우선적으로 선행되어야 할 개인의료정보 보호방안에 대해 정의하고, 적용근거를 위한 법 제도의 검토사항을 제시하였다. 또한, 전자의무기록에 대한 전자서명의 구체적인 적용방안을 예시하여 의료분야에 있어서 보안적용을 위한 기준을 제시하였다.