Lim, Hyun-Joo;Kim, Hyun Jong;Lee, Ji Hwan;Lim, Dong Hyun;Son, Jun Kyu;Kim, Eun-Tae;Jang, Gulwon;Kim, Dong-Hyeon
Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
/
v.36
no.1
/
pp.35-44
/
2021
A pregnancy diagnosis is an important standard for control of livestock's reproduction in paricular dairy cattle. High reproductive performance in dairy animals is a essential condition to realize of high life-time production. Pregnancy diagnosis is crucial to shortening the calving interval by enabling the farmer to identify open animals so as to treat or re-breed them at the earliest opportunity. MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules which are critically involved in regulating gene expression during both health and disease. This study is sought to establish the feasible of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of early pregnancy in cattle. We applied Illumina small-RNA sequencing to profile miRNAs in plasma samples collected from 12 non-pregnant cows ("open" cows: samples were collected before insemination (non-pregnant state) and after pregnancy check at the indicated time points) on weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. Using small RNA sequencing we identified a total of 115 miRNAs that were differentially expressed weeks 16 relative to non-pregnancy ("open" cows). Weeks 8, 12 and 16 of pregnancy commonly showed a distinct increase in circulating levels of miR-221 and miR-320a. Through genome-wide analyses we have successfully profiled plasma miRNA populations associated with pregnancy in cattle. Their application in the field of reproductive biology has opened up opportunities for research communities to look for pregnancy biomarker molecules in dairy cattle.
Sung Eun Kim;Seun Ja Park;Moo In Park;Won Moon;Jae Hyun Kim;Kyoungwon Jung;Bang Ju Kim;Hee Kyung Chang
Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
/
v.11
no.3
/
pp.165-170
/
2023
Gastric cancer is histologically classified into two types. One is the intestinal and diffuse type according to Lauren's classification, and the other is the differentiated and undifferentiated type based on Nakamura's classification. In 2007, Japanese groups proposed a new type of well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma in the gastric fundic glands with distinct endoscopic and clinicopathologic features. This is gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic-gland type (GA-FG), a rare variant of gastric cancer. In a 2012 Korean study, of 6,000 cases of gastric cancer tissues, only three cases of GA-FG were identified. GA-FG is usually located in the upper third of the stomach and not known to be associated with the Helicobacter pylori infection. We herein report a case of GA-FG diagnosed in a 63-year-old man. A gastric polyp was incidentally detected during an upper endoscopy screening while conducting a health check-up, and he was diagnosed with GA-FG after an endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) was conducted for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Our case suggests that for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, EMR may be beneficial in case of gastric polyps with suspected GA-FG.
Lim, So Young;Lee, Koeun;Choi, Byung-Jai;Lee, Jae-Ho
The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
/
v.13
no.2
/
pp.99-103
/
2017
The primary responsibility for the oral hygiene of the disabled is usually the parents. Dental care of the disabled is early detection and recovery of lesions and continuous management. For this to be successful it is necessary to use diagnostic tool that can detect the early stages of dental caries which is difficult to detect with the naked eye. It is also important to educate and motivate the caregivers on oral hygiene management. Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (Billuminator, Inspektor Researh Systems BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), which provides overall caries inspection and visual information, can be useful for caregiver education. A 3-year-old girl who was hospitalized with Pallister-Killian syndrome, Hypothyroidism visited our clinic with chief complaint of rugged upper incisors. This girl had multiple dental caries and oral hygiene was very poor. Periodic QLF-D images were taken to provide caregiver education and oral hygiene management was improved. A 13-year-old girl with cerebral palsy visited our clinic for regular check up. Using QLF-D, we explained to the parents that there is a need for treatment of dental caries, and education of oral hygiene management was conducted. Improvement of oral hygiene in the disabled can be achieved through caregiver education. QLF-D is a diagnostic device that can detects early caries by irradiating light in the visible ray area to the teeth. It can also detects microleakage of restoration, plaque and calculus without disclosing agent. Clinicians can use the QLF-D to perform a general oral examination for the disabled. Also, QLF-D can be used to store visual information and educate caregivers. The accumulation of information using QLF-D makes it possible to provide feedback on oral care of parents, which is more advantageous for caregivers education.
The purpose of this study was to find out physical and emotional status, and nursing needs of the pregnant women who were hospitalized by premature labor. The research respondents were 96 from four university hospitals located in Seoul, from June 30, 1996 to September 15, 1995. The research instrument was consisted of 14 items of physical status(discomforts) (Cronbach's=0.86), 17 items of emotional status (Cronbach's=0.89), 33 items of nursing needs (Cronbach's=0.94), and they were measured by 5 level of Likert Scale. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean standard deviation, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient as the statistical techniques in the program of SPSS/$PC^+$. The findings were as follows : 1. The perception of physical status was mainly about physicl discomforts during the hospital stay. It included four categories about 'absolute bed rest' 3.48, 'hospital foods' 3.38, 'health care teams' 2.93, 'hospital environment' 2.83 in order of mean of discomforts. The most discomfortable one was "malodor by not doing personal hygiene." The next one was "urination and defecation on the bed using bedpan." 2. The perception of the emotional status was about negative mood related to 'fetus', 'hospitalization' perse, 'personal situation.' The highest score of negative mood was "I am afraid that the baby's condition will be bad if I deliver it before full term." The next one was "I am anxious about whether my baby will be in incubator if I deliver it before full term." 3. The highest mean score among items of nursing needs was "Nurses observe whether the labor come or not with concerns." The next one was "Nurses observe the fetal movement and check up the fetal heart sound." The lowest one was "Nurses help me when I need bedpan." 4. Nursing needs were consisted of four categories : professional, educational, emotional, and physical. The mean score of them was high in professional, educational, emotional, and physical need in order. 5. The physical status was related to "Experience of treatment for maintenance of pregnancy" and "Experience of hospitalization by premature labor". The emotional status was related to "Type of delivery" and "Type of habitation." 6. In the correlation of physical and emotional status, it showed positive correlation between them. The higher score of physical discomfort, the higher score of negative mood(r=0.5113, p=0.0001).
This study analyzed the distribution of the blood glucose level according to the fasting status. Moreover, a relationship was analyzed between fasting blood glucose level and glycemic control indicators. A total of 707 outpatients, who visited Dankook University Hospital, were included and classified into either the fasting group and the non-fasting group. The mean blood glucose level of each group was calculated and analyzed by sex, age, and clinic. In addition, blood glucose, HbA1c, fructosamine, and 1,5-AG were measured in 153 fasting health check-up patients, and the correlation between the blood glucose level and glycemic control indicators was evaluated. Blood glucose averages between the two groups (non-fasting 111.9 vs. fasting 103.6 mg/dL) were different (p<0.05); and the mean difference was lower in women (4.8 mg/dL) than in men (12.2 mg/dL). A significant difference of the median glucose values among the age groups was only observed in the non-fasting group (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.01), and not in the fasting group. A 1,5-Anhydroglucitol was estimated to be significantly correlated with the fast blood glucose level in the range of the criteria of impaired fasting glucose (IFG). We presented an assessment of the distribution of blood glucose level in accordance with the fasting status among outpatients, and estimated that 1,5-anhydroglucitol was well correlated with the fasting blood glucose than fructosamine and HbA1c, through the analysis of results of health screening subjects. It is suggested that the use of glycemic indicators that reflect short-term blood glucose control can be used together with the blood glucose measurement in the screening of diabetes mellitus.
For this study, self-completion survey for 149 implant patients of dental clinics and hospitals in Seoul and Kyunggi areahas been executed in order to provide basic data for increasing patient satisfaction level by effective consultation and various information for the patients who want dental implantation. The conclusion of the study is like below. 1. In terms of demographics of the study, sample size of female patients(n=85) was more than that of male patients(n=64) and patients in their 50s were major age group. When it comes to the educational level, university graduates were 85 and high school graduates were 44. And 132 were married and 6 were single. In the income level, monthly income between KRW 2~4 million was major group(n=59). 2. In the study, patients' most concern was complication or adverse events(n=41), and price(n=39) & annual dental check-up(n=49) were following it. And 80 patients responded that dental health is the most valuable(n=80) and whole body health was following(n=37). In terms of knowledge on dental implant, 100 patients responded 'know just a little', 31 and 13 answered 'generally know' and 'well know' each. 3. As a result of analyzing implant patients' satisfaction level by segment, general satisfaction rate was highest as 4.20, social satisfaction rate was 4.20, psychological function was 4.06 and masticatory function was 3.90. 4. Based on the result of comparing patient satisfaction level by general characters of dental implant patient, chewing function was the highest in the age group of 60s with score of 4.21 and in terms of social function, the group with over KRW 8 million of monthly income showed highest score with 4.54. When it comes to the psychological function, patients in their 70s showed highest satisfaction level with 4.52. In the end, patients in their 70s showed highest score with 4.81 in the overall satisfaction and it was also statistically significant. 5. In the overall satisfaction level by interest in dental health, appearance showed highest score with 4.57 and it was also significantly higher than that of whole body. In the variance by dental knowledge, 'well know' group showed highest score with 4.58, and that of 'just a little' group was 4.33. That means there are correlations between dental knowledge and satisfaction level. 6. As a result of analyzing correlations amongst variances of the study, there were strong positive correlations among them. And there were very significantly positive correlations especially between social and psychological function and between psychological and overall satisfaction level. In conclusion, higher psychological function has strong relations with both social function and overall satisfaction level(p<.001).
Cho Ha-Kyung;Lee Joo-Hyeon;Lee Chung-Keun;Lee Myoung-Ho
Science of Emotion and Sensibility
/
v.9
no.2
/
pp.141-150
/
2006
Since the late 1990s, 'smart clothing' has been developed in a various way to meet the need of users and to help people more friendly interact with computers through its various designs. Recently, various applications of smart clothing concept have been presented by researchers. Among the various applications, smart clothing with a health care system is most likely to gain the highest demand rate in the market. Among them, smart clothing for check-up of health status with its sensors is expected to sell better than other types of smart clothing on the market. Under this circumstance, research and development for this field have been accelerated furthermore. This research institution has invented biometric sensors suitable for the smart clothing, and has developed a design to diagnose various diseases such as cardiac disorder and respiratory diseases. The newly developed smart clothing in this study looks similar to the previous inventions, but people can feel more comfortable in it with its fabric interaction built in it. When people wear it, the health status of the wearers is diagnosed and its signals are transmitted to the connected computer so the result can be easily monitored in real time. This smart clothing is a new kind of clothing as a supporting system for preventing various cardiac disorder and respiratory diseases using its biometric sensor built-in, and is also an archetype to show how smart clothing can work on the market.
Bilirubin has an anti-inflammatory effect as an endogenous antioxidant and has been reported to be inversely correlated with hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. On the other hand, there is a lack of research evaluating the association between bilirubin and metabolic syndrome compared to liver-specific indicators. This study examined the association between the total bilirubin and metabolic syndrome prevalence in Korean adults who underwent health screening compared to ALT and GGT. This cross sectional study included 22,568 adult males and females aged 20 years or older who underwent a health examination at the General Hospital of Gyeonggi Province from March 2015 to February 2018. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) guidelines. In both genders, the metabolic syndrome diagnosed group had higher liver enzymes, and the total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were lower than those without the metabolic syndrome risk factors. The serum total bilirubin showed a weak inverse correlation with abdominal obesity (r=-0.066 vs r=-0.055) and triglyceride (r=-0.127 vs r=-0.136) in both males and females, which is weaker than ALT and GGT The data were statistically significant. In addition, total bilirubin as well as ALT and GGT in both men and women were not predictors of the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome.
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
/
v.18
no.4
/
pp.285-292
/
2017
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the fasting blood sugar and serum lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C) and obesity indices (BMI, body fat rates, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio). The study sample consists of 1,473 manufacturing workers aged from 30 to 59 years, who underwent a health check-up at a university hospital during the period from Jan. to Dec. 2015. A data analysis was conducted to classify the subjects into the normal and abnormal groups according to their fasting blood sugar levels depending on the average values of the serum lipids and obesity indices. Multiple regression analyzes adjusted for sex and age were conducted for the factors affecting the fasting blood sugar level. As a result, the Serum TC, TG, LDL-C, BMI and waist circumference were found to be significantly higher in the abnormal fasting blood sugar level group than in the normal one, but the HDL-C was significantly lower in the abnormal group than in the normal one The fasting blood sugar level had a significant positive correlation with the TC, TG, LDL-C, BMI and waist circumference. The TC, TG, BMI and body fat were the significant factors affecting the fasting blood sugar. The above results suggest that the fasting blood sugar and serum lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C), obesity indices (BMI, body fat rates, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio) of manufacturing workers are significantly associated with each other.
Jihoon Kim;Yesung Lee;Eunhye Seo;Daehoon Kim;Jaehong Lee;Youshik Jeong;Seonghyun Kwon;Jinsook Jeong;Woncheol Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
/
v.35
/
pp.38.1-38.10
/
2023
Background: Hearing loss (HL) is linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The pathogeneses of HL and CVD commonly involve inflammatory responses. Previous studies investigated elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers in subjects with HL, however, their findings did not demonstrate statistical significance. In our cross-sectional and longitudinal study, we investigated the correlation between HL and increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels to determine how HL is associated with CVDs. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with workers aged over 18 years who underwent health check-ups at our institution between 2012 and 2018 (n = 566,507), followed by conducting a longitudinal study of workers aged > 18 who underwent health checkups at least twice at our institution between 2012 and 2018 (n = 173,794). The definition of HL was as an average threshold of ≥ 20 dB in pure-tone air conduction at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz in both ears. The incidence of increased hsCRP levels throughout the follow-up period was defined as a level exceeding 3 mg/L. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were performed to estimate the risk of increased hsCRP levels according to the occurrence of HL in groups stratified by age. Results: In the cross-sectional study, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.34); the OR was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.80-1.22) in those under 40 and 1.28 (1.08-1.53) in those over 40. In the longitudinal study, the multivariable-adjusted OR was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.92-1.19); the OR was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.90-1.35) in those under 40 and 1.20 (1.01-1.43) in those over 40. Conclusions: This cross-sectional and longitudinal study identified an association between HL and increased hsCRP levels in workers aged over 40 years.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.