• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.9 no.7
• /
• pp.241-247
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate consciousness about the disabled on dental hygiene students and search for course of dental hygiene education as oral health care with the disabled. The subjects in this study were 538 dental hygiene students from three college in Jeonnam province. For statistical analyses of collected data, the descriptive analyses and chi-square were adopted. The obtained results were as follows. Seniors showed positive attitude about the disabled and dental service of the disabled(p<0.05). The common types of contact the disabled were physical Cerebral palsy and inner disabled were rarely. The problems are difficulty in communication, short of clinical experience in dental service of the disabled, noncooperation of the disabled, short of knowledge in dental service of the disabled. To dental service of the disabled, demand as necessity of education was 87.5%, theory and practice at the same time was 68.0% in pattern of education. Finally, 49.5% of respondents observed special dental clinic to utilization pattern of dental service of the disabled.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.1837-1846
• /
• 2016

Background: Colon cancer screening (CRCS) uptake is markedly affected by public awareness of the disease. This study was conducted to assess levels of knowledge of CRC, to explore the pattern of CRCS uptake and identify possible barriers to screening among Saudis older than 50 years of age and primary care providers (PCPs) in Al Hassa region, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected primary health care (PHC) centers, 884 Saudis and 39 PCPs being enrolled for data collection. Structured interviews were conducted to obtain information regarding socio-demographic characteristics, personal information relevant to CRC, awareness about early signs/symptoms and risk factors, and barriers to CRCS. Also, a self- administered data collection form was used to assess barriers to CRCS from the physicians' perspectives. Results: More than 66% of participants were lacking knowledge about CRC. Participants with higher educational levels, having ever heard about CRC, and having relatives with CRC had a significantly higher awareness of the disease. The rate of reported CRCS was low (8.6%). After conducting a logistic regression analysis, it was observed that female gender (OR=0.28; 95% CI=0.14-0.57; P=0.001), being unmarried (OR=0.11; 95% CI=0.10-0.23; P=0.001), lower levels of education (OR=0.36; 95% CI=0.16-0.82; P=0.015), and having no relatives with CRC (OR=0.30; 95% CI=0.17-0.56; P=0.001) were significantly associated with a lower CRCS uptake. There was a significant difference between most of the perceived barriers to CRCS and gender. Exploratory factor analysis showed that personal fear (especially fear of the screening results and shyness) was the major factor that hindered CRCS with high loading Eigen value of 2.951, explaining 34.8% of the barriers of the included sample toward utilization of CRCS, followed by lack of awareness of both person and providers (high Eigen value of 2.132, and explaining 23.7% of the barriers). The most frequently cited barriers to CRCS from the physicians' perspectives were lack of public awareness, lack of symptoms and signs, and fear of painful procedures. Conclusions: Poor levels of knowledge about CRC were found among older Saudis attending PHC centers in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. It is crucial to implement an organized national screening program in Saudi Arabia to increase public awareness.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.67-79
• /
• 1992

This study was conducted to analyze the dental care utilization pattern of the city residents. An interview and questionnaire survey was carried for 1008 people who lived in Kimchun-city, Kyungsangpook-do, from february 1 to March 30, 1992. The summarized results are as follows : The rate of persons who experienced the oral disease was 32.7 per 100 persons during 1 year and it was highest in the age group of 20$\sim$29. During 1 year period, 90.3% of the cases had treated the perceived oral disease, 9.7% had done no action. 65.8% had treated experienced oral disease at dental clinics. The rate of person who dad experienced dental prosthesis during ten-year period was 37.5% among 18year and older, and it was higher in male as compared to female and it was highest in age group of 40$\sim$64 year old. The rate of person who had treated dental prosthetics by the unauthorized illegally was 27.0%, and the reason for it was cheap-price free(44.2%). Of the person who dad treated dental prosthetics by the unauthorized illegally, 64.3% had satisfied and 4.3% had done out of use, while each was 80.1%, 2.7% at dental clinics. The rate of persons with missing teeth was 18.0%. Of the persons with missing teeth, 57.6% did not treat the missing teeth due to economic reason and 89.6% hopped treating the dental prosthetics at dental clinics. In consideration of above finding, we may conclude that oral health community program to prevent oral diseases should be intensified, oral health education to raise oral health knowledge should be performed periodically and the control of unlicensed activities should be enforce at community health center and allows benefits for prosthetics.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.183-205
• /
• 2004

This Study explored three issues in regard to the determinants of community service utilization among family caregivers of the dependent older persons. First, the differences between users and nonusers of community services were compared regarding to predisposing, enabling, need characteristics of the primary caregiver as well as the elder care recipient. Second, the variables which determined the contact of community services were examined. Third, the influence of the variables on duration of the community services among users was also examined. The data collected from 164 family caregivers were used for analyses. Findings suggest that community service users had higher education and higher emotional support, lower family income than nonusers. The level of cognitive impairment of the elder was also higher for users than nonusers. The entry into community services is more likely for elders cared for by caregivers who have higher educational attainment, lower family income and lower level of instrumental support. Once interaction terms for relationship between need factors and social support are entered, caregivers with poorer level of his/her perceived physical health and lower level of instrumental support are more likely to report use of community services. Among those reporting contact with services, more extensive use occurs for caregivers with lower emotional support and lower depression. The entry of interaction terms for relationship between need and support reveals that the combination of lower support(instrumental and emotional) and elder's greater physical impairment are associated with longer period of community service use. However, the effect of caregivers' depression followed the different pattern. For caregivers with greater depression, more supports are related with more service utilization. According to the results, implications for research and practice are discussed.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.293-297
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate recognition of occupation title for dental hygienist in high school students. Total 210 students of one high school completed a self-reported questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, dental service utilization and occupation title awareness for health care personnels. Female and science tract students showed higher level of awareness for dental hygienist but showed no differences according to dental service utilization pattern. The study showed association between occupation recognition for dental hygienist and other health technicians. But there were no association between occupation awareness for dental hygienist and dentist, nurse. Gender, occupation recognition for medical laboratory technologists and physical therapist affect occupation recognition for dental hygienist.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.253-263
• /
• 1997

농촌지역은 도시지역에 비하여 의료자원의 부족으로 보건의료자원의 이용 접근성이 낮다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 일부 농촌지역주민의 질병이환과 이환시 보건의료자원의 이용양상을 분석하는 것은 매우 의의가 있다고 하겠다. 본 연구방법은 포천군 주민의 보건의료자원의 이용과 치료원의 이용 양상을 분석할 목적으로 1995년 8월 4일~20일까지 1,200가구를 대상으로 가구 면접조사를 실시하였다. 분석대상 가구수는 1,019가구였으며 훈련받은 조사원에 의하여 조사되었으며 경기도 포천군 지역은 연세대학교 보건대학원 및 간호대학의 연구사업지역으로 본 분석 자료는 연세대학교 연구자료의 일부를 사용하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 성별인구분포는 남자가 49.9%, 여자가 50.1%이고 연령별 분포는 60세 이상이 16.5%로써 전국의 노인인구 비율보다 높았다. 교육상태는 13년 이상 교육이수율이 남자가 여자보다 높았으나 전체 조사 대상 인구는 교육수준이 높았다. 가족 형태는 핵가족이 70.9%로써 농촌지역임에도 매우 높았다. 지난 15일간의 이환상태를 조사한 결과 급성이환율은 5.4%(54/1,000)이며 3개월 이상 만성이환율은 130/1,000으로 나타났다. 급성이환시 증상별 분포는 호흡기계질환이 36.4%, 소화기계가 20.9%, 여러 가지 복합 증상이 33.0%을 나타낸 반면 만성이환율은 관절염 및 류마티즘이 21.2%, 기타 골격계가 12.6%로서 높았다. 급성 이환시 의료이용양상은 포천군관내의 의료기관이용이 62.6%, 약국이용이 15.2%, 보건소 이용이 4.0%였으며 의료기관이 주요 이용자원이었다. 아무 조치를 취하지 않은 비율은 6.1%로서 높지 않았다. 즉 극성질환인 경우 전체이환자의 76.5%가 1회 방문으로 문제를 해결한 것으로 나타난 반면 나머지 23.5%가 2회 이상 의료자원을 이용한 것으로 나타났다. 3개월이상 만성이환자는 포천군관내 의료기관의 이용율이 56.3%, 관외의료관 이용이 19.3%인 반면 한방기관이용이 7.6%로서 급성이환시 한방이용비율인 4.0%보다 높았다. 1회 방문이 67.4%인 반면 2회 이상 보건의료자원을 이용한 비율이 33.6%로서 만성질환 이용시 보건의료자원의 이용 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 분석결과 포천군 주민의 주요 보건의료자원의 이용은 의료기관으로 나타났고 미치료율이 타농촌지역에 비하여 낮았으며 만성질환시 급성이환시보다 한방의료이용이 높았음을 나타났다.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2002

Health is a fundamental human right and a sine qua non for happiness of people and for national development. Government has a responsibility for the provision of health services for their people. Recent changes of disease pattern, i.e. decrease of Infectious diseases and increase of chronic and degenerative diseases Including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, together with universal coverage of health insurance and improved living standard have prompted medical care utilization and skyrocketed the national health expenses. The goal of national health policy is improving the quality of life through the betterment of health level. To achieve this goal it is necessary to establish a healthcare system for lifetime, to improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery system, and to strengthen the public health services for disease prevention and health promotion. The current public health service programs are Inefficient due to an inconsistent policy for health service program, lack of health information system, irrational health program planning and evaluation, and Inadequate training of health workers. Local government has a legal responsibility for health service program planning and promoting the competence of health workers. Thus, municipal and provincial health departments should expand their roles and strengthen their function. The strategies for developing public health service programs at local level are ${\circled}1$ stipulating the goals of health policy, ${\circled}2$ promoting the ability for health program planning and evaluation, ${\circled}3$ establishing health information and surveillance system, ${\circled}4$ training of health workers, ${\circled}5$ establishing an institution for health information management and training of health workers, and ${\circled}61$ collaboration with local universities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.25-39
• /
• 1985

This study was conducted to assess the morbidity and medical facilities utilization patterns of the residents in urban low income area. Study population included 2,002 family members of 468 households in the low income area (LA) of Nam-san 4 Dong, Jung Gu of Taegu city and 1,709 family members of 374 households in surrounding neighbourhood control area (CA). Well trained nursing school students interviewed mainly with housewives according to the pretested questionaire between July 1 and July 30, 1984. Age-sex distribution of the study population in LA was similar to that in CA. The average monthly income of a household in LA was 236,000 won and 356,000 won in CA. Educational level of the residents in LA was lower than that in CA; average years of school education of the 20 years old or above in LA was 6.9 years compared with 8.5 years in CA. The average family members per room in LA was 2.6 and 2.2 in CA, and proportion of Medicaid program beneficiary was 29.4% in LA and 1.9% in CA. Prevalence rate of illness during 15-day period was 131 per 1,000 population in LA and 71 in CA(p<0.01) and that of the chronic illness for 1 year was 134 per 1,000 population in LA and 89 in CA(p<0.01). The most common illness experienced during 15 days was respiratory disease(24.0% in LA ana 29.8% in CA) and followed by gastro-intestinal disorders(21.0% in LA, 20.6% in CA). Injury or poisoning was 10.3% in LA and 3.3% in CA. Castro-intestinal disorder was the most common chronic illness in both LA (22.7%) and CA (21.7%), and followed by musculoskeletal disease in LA and neuralgia in CA. Mean activity restricted days among the persons with illness during 15-day period was 4.0 days in LA and 2.2 days in CA. Among persons with illness during 15 days, 17.9% in LA and 11.6% in CA did not seek any medical treatment and the most frequently utilized medical facility was pharmacy in LA (35.5%) and local clinic or hospital OPD in CA (42.1%). Among persons with chronic illness, 15.2% in LA and 9.2% in CA did not seek for medical treatment, and residents in LA as well as residents in CA utilized local clinic or hospital OPD more frequently than pharmacy or drugstores, especially those who have medical insurance. The most common reason for not treating illness experienced during 15-day period and chronic illness was economical constraint in both LA and CA. The higher prevalence rate of illness during 15-day period and chronic illness in LA than that in CA seems to be highly correlated with their lower economic status and educational level and crowded living condition. The utilization pattern of medical facilities was associated with the medical security status. A program to improve the economic status and living condition should be integrated with the health program to promote the health of the population in low income area.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.135-152
• /
• 1983

Emergency medical service is an important part of the health care delivery system, and the optimal allocation of resources and their efficient utilization are essentially demanded. Since these conditions are the prerequisite to prompt treatment which, in turn, will be crucial for life saving and in reducing the undesirable sequelae of the event. This study, taking the hyperbaric chamber for carbon monoxide poisoning as an example, is to develop a stochastic approach for solving the problems of optimal allocation of such emergency medical facility in Korea. The hyperbaric chamber, in Korea, is used almost exclusively for the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning, most of which occur at home, since the coal briquette is used as domestic fuel by 69.6 per cent of the Korean population. The annual incidence rate of the comatous and fatal carbon monoxide poisoning is estimated at 45.5 per 10,000 of coal briquette-using population. It offers a serious public health problem and occupies a large portion of the emergency outpatients, especially in the winter season. The requirement of hyperbaric chambers can be calculated by setting the level of the annual queueing rate, which is here defined as the proportion of the annual number of the queued patients among the annual number of the total patients. The rate is determined by the size of the coal briquette-using population which generate a certain number of carbon monoxide poisoning patients in terms of the annual incidence rate, and the number of hyperbaric chambers per hospital to which the patients are sent, assuming that there is no referral of the patients among hospitals. The queueing occurs due to the conflicting events of the 'arrival' of the patients and the 'service' of the hyperbaric chambers. Here, we can assume that the length of the service time of hyperbaric chambers is fixed at sixty minutes, and the service discipline is based on 'first come, first served'. The arrival pattern of the carbon monoxide poisoning is relatively unique, because it usually occurs while the people are in bed. Diurnal variation of the carbon monoxide poisoning can hardly be formulated mathematically, so empirical cumulative distribution of the probability of the hourly arrival of the patients was used for Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the probability of queueing by the number of the patients per day, for the cases of one, two or three hyperbaric chambers assumed to be available per hospital. Incidence of the carbon monoxide poisoning also has strong seasonal variation, because of the four distinctive seasons in Korea. So the number of the patients per day could not be assumed to be distributed according to the Poisson distribution. Testing the fitness of various distributions of rare event, it turned out to be that the daily distribution of the carbon monoxide poisoning fits well to the Polya-Eggenberger distribution. With this model, we could forecast the number of the poisonings per day by the size of the coal-briquette using population. By combining the probability of queueing by the number of patients per day, and the probability of the number of patients per day in a year, we can estimate the number of the queued patients and the number of the patients in a year by the number of hyperbaric chamber per hospital and by the size of coal briquette-using population. Setting 5 per cent as the annual queueing rate, the required number of hyperbaric chambers was calculated for each province and for the whole country, in the cases of 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent of the treatment rate which stand for the rate of the patients treated by hyperbaric chamber among the patients who are to be treated. Findings of the study were as follows. 1. Probability of the number of patients per day follows Polya-Eggenberger distribution. $$P(X=\gamma)=\frac{\Pi\limits_{k=1}^\gamma[m+(K-1)\times10.86]}{\gamma!}\times11.86^{-{(\frac{m}{10.86}+\gamma)}}$$ when$${\gamma}=1,2,...,n$$$$P(X=0)=11.86^{-(m/10.86)}$$ when $${\gamma}=0$$ Hourly arrival pattern of the patients turned out to be bimodal, the large peak was observed in $7 : 00{\sim}8 : 00$ a.m., and the small peak in $11 : 00{\sim}12 : 00$ p.m. 2. In the cases of only one or two hyperbaric chambers installed per hospital, the annual queueing rate will be at the level of more than 5 per cent. Only in case of three chambers, however, the rate will reach 5 per cent when the average number of the patients per day is 0.481. 3. According to the results above, a hospital equipped with three hyperbaric chambers will be able to serve 166,485, 83,242, 55,495 and 41,620 of population, when the treatmet rate are 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent. 4. The required number of hyperbaric chambers are estimated at 483, 963, 1,441 and 1,923 when the treatment rate are taken as 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent. Therefore, the shortage are respectively turned out to be 312, 791. 1,270 and 1,752. The author believes that the methodology developed in this study will also be applicable to the problems of resource allocation for the other kinds of the emergency medical facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.758-766
• /
• 2015

Dextran is a generic term for a bacterial exopolysaccharide synthesized from sucrose and composed of chains of D-glucose units connected by ${\alpha}$-1,6-linkages by using dextransucrases. Dextran could be used as vicosifying, stabilizing, emulsifying, gelling, bulking, dietary fiber, prebiotics, and water holding agents. We isolated new strain capable of producing dextran from Korean traditional kimchi and identified as Leuconostoc sp. strain JYY4. Batch fermentation was conducted in bioreactor with a working volume of 3 L. The media was MMY and 15% (w/v) sucrose. Mineral medium consisted of $3.0g\;KH_2PO_4$, $0.01g\;FeSO_4$, $H_2O$, $0.01g\;MnSO_4$, $4H_2O$, $0.2g\;MgSO_4\;7H_2O$, 0.01 g NaCl, $0.05g\;CaCl_2$ per 1 liter deionized water. The pH of media was initially adjusted to 6.0. The inoculation rate was 1.0% (v/v) of the working volume. Temperature was maintained at $28^{\circ}C$. The agitation rate was 100 rpm. The production pattern of dextran was associated with the cell growth. After 24 hr dextran reached its highest concentration of 59.4 g/L. The sucrose was consumed completely after 40 hr. Growth reached stationery phase when sucrose became limiting, regardless of the presence of fructose or mannitol. When the specific growth rate was 0.54 hr-1, utilization averaged 5.8 g/L-hr. The yield and productivity of dextran were 80% and 2.0 g/L-hr, respectively. Dextrans produced by were separated to two different size by an alcohol fraction method. The size of high molecular weight dextran (45% alcohol, v/v), less soluble dextran, was between MW 500,000 and 2,000,000. Soluble dextran (55% alcohol, v/v) was between 70,000 and 150,000. The molecular weight average of total dextran (70% alcohol, v/v) was between 150,000 to 500,000. The enzymatic hydrolyzates of total dextran of ATCC 13146 showed branched dextrans by Penicillium dextranase contained of glucose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose, and isomaltooligosaccharides greater than DP4 (degree of polymerization) that had branch points. Compounds greater than DP4 were branched isomaltooligosaacharides. Hydrolysates by the Lipomyces dextranase produced the same composition of oligosaccharides as those by Penicillin dextranase.