• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2006

Ginsengs(1-3 years old) from the Keumsan were analysed for the rare earth element(REE) contents and compared with their soils from the biotite granite(CR), phyllite(PH) and shale(SL) areas. In the soils, high REE contents and correlations were found in the SL. In the ginsengs, high element contents were shown in the SL. High correlations were found in the 3 year. In the upper parts, the 2 year of the GR was mainly high. Comparing with the same aged ginsengs, high elements were shown in the SL. Positive correlations were dominated and high correlations were shown in the 3 year ginsengs. In the root parts, the GR was high in the 2 year while the PH and SL were high in the 3 year. Comparing with the same ages, high elements were shown in the SL. High correlation relationships were found. Comparing between upper and root parts, the upper parts were mainly high, LREE showed big differences and relative ratios of the 2 year were mainly high. Comparing between soils and ginsengs, the soils were mainly high. Ratios between soils and root parts(soils/root parts) were higher than those of the upper parts. Ratios of the LREE showed big differences relative to those in the HREE and the ratios increased with ages. Overall results suggested that ginsengs of the SL were similar to those of soils and those of the PH showed big differences.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2012

The bulbil of the $Dioscorea$ $species$ is produced, the amount of which is 2,000 tons annually, but it has been discarded without specific use. In this study the antioxidant and antimutagenicity of bulbil of the $Dioscorea$, which compared to bulbil of Danma($Dioscorea$ $japonica$ Decaisne) and Jangma($Dioscorea$ $batatas$ Decaisne), a major domestic cultivation species. The study was done by extracting bulbil of the Dioscorea methanol and the methanol extracts was re-extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate, $n$-butanol and water. In methanol extract of Danma and Jangma, polyphenolic compounds contained 2.2 and 3.9 mg/g extract, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of Danma and Jangma had higher polyphenolic contents of 33.9 and 39.1 mg/g, whereas water fractions were much lower at 2.4 and 5.8 mg/g. Determination of antioxidant activity showed that the ethylacetate fraction strong DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts and chloroform, ethylacetate, $n$-butanol, water fraction from bulbil of Danma and Jangma on the mutagenicity in 1-NP, $AFB_1$, Trp-P-1 were investigated using $S.$ $typhimurium$ TA98. Danma and Jangma cultivars decreased the reverse mutation induced by 1-NP, $AFB_1$, Trp-P-1 in $S.$ $typhimurium$ TA98. The fraction of chloroform and ethylacetate showed strong inhibitory effects, in a dose dependant manner against the mutagenicities induced by 1-NP, $AFB_1$, Trp-P-1 in $S.$ $typhimurium$ TA98.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2011

Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) is native to East Asia, and grains of the plant are used as health food and medicinal material. Head blight symptoms of the plant were frequently observed during disease surveys in Korea from 2006 to 2008. The symptoms were characterized as discoloration of husks, and subsequently inside of mature grains were shriveled or emptied. One hundred fifty nine isolates of Fusarium species were obtained from the disease symptoms of the plant collected from several locations in the country. Out of the isolates, the most frequently isolated Fusarium species were F. graminearum (34%), F. proliferatum (14.5%), F. verticillioides (10.1%), F. equiseti (6.9%), and F. fujikuroi (6.3%). Other Fusarium species isolated were F. subglutinans, F. semitectum, F. poae, and F. sporodochioides. Elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences of the isolates were used for phylogenetic analysis. Analyses of the sequences revealed that the isolates were confirmed to be identical with each reference species of NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity tests showed that F. graminearum, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides were strongly virulent to grains of Job's tears. The present study is the first report of head blight of Job's tears caused by Fusarium species in Korea.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.514-521
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• 2010

Epimedium koreanum nakai (EKN) has been used for treatment of reproductive disorders. In this study, we evaluated the effects of EKN water extract on the 2-bromopropane (2-BP) induced reproductive dysfunction. The daily sperm production (DSP), sperm counts and histological changes of reproductive organs were investigated after 4 weeks of EKN administration in 2-BP induced reproductive damaged rats. Although the weights of epididymis and seminal vesicle were increased dose-dependently, they were lower than control group. DSP of EKN-dosing groups were increased compared to control group. In EKN-dosing groups, the number of degenerative seminiferous tubules and the number of epididymal tubules showing epithelial cell vacuolation and decreased spermatozoa in the lumen were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased compared to control group dose-dependently. Significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) increases of the number of sertoli cells, spermatogonia, patchytene spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids were observed in EKN-dosing groups compared control group. Consequently, based on the results, EKN water extract could treat 2-BP induced reproductive damages dramatically.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.123-128
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• 2008

The Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) existing in a water includes both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances however, most of the discussion focuses on hydrophobic substances. The hydrophobic fraction was easily removed by absorption or coagulation more than hydrophilic fraction. Therefore, control of the hydrophilic fraction is very important in water treatment process. This study is to determine the variation of DOC, the removal efficiency of DOC, and Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) after each stage of water treatment process by fractionating Natural Organic Matters (NOM) into hydrophobic and hydrophilic substance. DOC from raw water was fractionated at acidic pH (pH<2) using XAD 8 resin column, into two fraction : hydrophobic substance (i.e. humic substance) adsorbed on XAD 8 and hydrophilic substance which represent the organics contained in the final effluent. THMFP was carried out according to the following set condition: Cl2/DOC=4 mg/mg, incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ in darkness, pH 7 adjust with HCl or NaOH as necessary, and 72hour-contact time. THMs analyzed in this study were chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethan, and bromoform. Sewage was almost evenly split between the hydrophobic (56%) and hydrophilic fraction (44%). But, Aldrich humic substance (AHS) was found to contain less hydrophilics (14%) than hydrophobics (86%). The formation of THMs may depend on the source which is characterized by the composition of organic matters such as AHS and sewage. The THMFP yield of sewage and AHS were assessed as follows. The value of the THMFP reaction yield, AHS $172.65{\mu}g/mg$, is much higher than that of sewage $41.68{\mu}g/mg$. This illustrates possible significant difference in THMFP according to the component type and the proportion of organic matter existing in water source. Apparently AHS react with chlorine to produce more THMFP than do the smaller molecules found in sewage. Water treatment process may reduce THMFP, nevertheless residual DOC (the more hydrophilic substance) has significant THMFP. Further reduction in organic halide precursors requires application of alternative treatment techniques.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.361-367
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• 2013

Hizikia fusiformis has been widely used in Oriental herbal medicine and health food. To identify antioxidation properties that contain natural bioactive substances, we investigated the distribution of active compounds existing in batches of organic solvent fractionation. A dried form of H. fusiformis was subjected to sequential fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-BuOH, and aqueous n-BuOH. The results showed that among the four isolated fractions, the n-BuOH fraction showed the highest antioxidation activities. The n-BuOH fraction was applied to reserve-phase silica gel column chromatography, which produced three fractions: BA, BB, and BC. Among these fractions, BB showed the highest antioxidation activities, which increased in a concentration-dependent manner. At a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml n-BuOH fraction, the activities of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and reducing power were approximately $45{\pm}0.14%$ and $1.34{\pm}0.23$, respectively. In addition, the activities of ${\beta}$-carotene-linoleic acid, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) radical scavenging were $76{\pm}0.12%$, $82{\pm}0.06%$, and $65{\pm}0.17%$, respectively. These findings suggest that the BB fraction contains potent antioxidation properties and that it could be used in the production of natural and functional foods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1295-1303
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• 2013

According to facts revealed up until the present, there are a total of 68 known phyla on earth, including 55 phyla of bacteria and 13 phyla of archaea. The human large intestine has 9 phyla of microorganisms, which is a relatively lower diversity compared to the general environments of soil or sea. The diversity of intestinal microorganisms is affected by the characteristics of the host (genetic background, sex, age, immune system, and gut motility), the diet (non-digestible carbohydrates, fat, prebiotics, probiotics), and the intake of antibiotics, which in turn have an effect on energy storage processes, gene expressions, and even metabolic diseases like obesity. Probiotics are referred to as living microorganisms that improve the intestinal microbiota and contribute to the health of the host; in addition, probiotics usually comprise lactic acid bacteria. Recently, bacteriotherapy using probiotics has been utilized to treat sicknesses like diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics are a food ingredient which can selectively adjust intestinal microorganisms and which comprise inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and lactulose. In recent days, attention has been paid to the use of dietary cellulose in the large intestine and the production of short chain fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids) in relation to obesity and anticancer. More research into microorganisms in the large intestine is necessary to identify specific microorganism species, which are adjusted by diverse non-digestible carbohydrates, prebiotics, and probiotics in the large intestine and to understand the connection between sicknesses and metabolites like short chain fatty acids produced by these microorganism species.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.471-475
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• 2017

Freezing pretreatment can destroy the cell membrane of garlic and may improve some food-quality of garlic. Therefore we investigated the effect of freezing pretreatment at $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-70^{\circ}C$ on quality of aged black garlic, compared with traditional processing methods. Our results showed that freezing pretreatment at $-70^{\circ}C$ had the greatest impact on qualities and antioxidant activities of black garlic. Browning degree and pH of black garlic after both the freezing pretreatment and aging process were 3.14 and 3.55, respectively. Furthermore, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and reducing power of aged black garlic can be enhanced by pre-freezing processing. Reducing sugar and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) contents of freezing pretreated and aged black garlic were increased by 1.69 and 1.14 fold, respectively, compared with the control samples. The results indicated that freezing pretreatment had improved the overall qualities (such as browning degree, pH, reducing sugar) and functional materials of black garlic.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.409-415
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• 2010

In this study, the bioactivities of ethanol (EELS) and water extract (WELS) from the leaf of Lythrum salicaria L. were investigated. In the anti-cancer activity, the growths of both human prostate cancer (DU145) and human colonic carcinoma cell (HT29) were inhibited up 60% by adding 10 mg/$m{\ell}$ of EELS. Anti-inflammatory activity of EELS and WELS have been evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced release of nitric oxide (NO) by the macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. EELS and WELS inhibited inflammatory by 57.3 and 46.9% in 10 mg/$m{\ell}$, respectively. In the anti-oxidative activity, $IC_{50}$ of DPPH radical scavenging activity was respectively 60.71 and $92.90\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by EELS and WELS. In the anti-diabetic activity, $IC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity of EELS and WELS were respectively 5,250 and $5,020\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. $IC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was 7.96 and $68.41\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by EELS and WELS. In the anti-obesity, $IC_{50}$ of lipase inhibitory activity was 880 and $9,840\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by EELS and WELS. Finally, EELS and WELS exhibited anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic activity and anti-obesity. It suggests that Lythrum salicaria L. could be potentially used as a resource of bioactive materials for health functional foods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2010

Emission from biomass combustion such as meat charbroiling is an important source of organic aerosol. Since source profiles are necessary input profiles for source apportionment of aerosol by a chemical mass balance model, meat cooking organic source profiles are developed by measuring organic marker compounds, including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and cholesterol as well as PAH compounds. Emissions from meat and pork charbroiling are collected on quartz filters with a PM10-high volume sampler, extracted with organic solvents, derivatized with diazomethane/TMS and analyzed by GC/MS isotope dilution method. Organic and elemental carbon are also analyzed by an OCEC analyzer. Wt.% of cholesterol to the organic carbon(OC) content from beef and pork charbroiling is only 0.056 and 0.062, but wt. % of all saturated fatty acids to the OC content from beef and pork charbroiling is 2.727 and 2.022, and the wt% of all unsaturated fatty acids to the OC content is 0.278 and 0.438, respectively. Content of total PAH compounds to the OC content from beef charbroiling is higher than that from pork charbroiling, and those are 0.116 wt% and 0.044 wt%. Among PAH compounds benzo(a)pyrene as a single compound is account for 0.0071 wt% and 0.0023 wt% of OC content from beef and pork charbroiling. Ratios of marker compound to cholesterol are calculated, and those values are in good agreement with the values already reported at the food cooking emission, indicating that they can be used as organic source profiles for the apportionment of organic aerosol.