• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

This study focuses on the correlation between Kotgal and paper-folding. This paper first examines the meaning and history of Korean ancient Kotgal and then investigates relationship between Kotgal and Korean paper-folding culture which has been inherited in various ways. Throughout the study, literature research and analysis have been conducted along with empirical studies. The results of the study are as follows. First, it has been told that Kotgal was used a as a trident hat symbolizing the sky, land, and man, whereas Korean paper-folding is known as closely related to the folk beliefs which had existed since ancient times. From ancient times, the Korean ancestors expressed the Three Gods representing beauties of the nature, 'sky(Chun), land(Ji) and man(In)' on the conical hat and prayed for their wish to the heaven. Second, Kotgal has been evolved in various ways from ancient times through Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty to present. The form of Kotgal has begun with folding and this is closely related to the origin of Korean paper-folding, which is the Korean traditional craft. Third, the paper-folding tradition of Korea has been variously applied in the Korean culture such as rituals, life crafts and plays and expresses the unconventional philosophical concepts unique of Korea. In conclusion, this study evidently shows that the Korean philosophical ideas behind Kotgal which originated from ancient paper-folding are scientific and systematic.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2022

Background: The use of low-dose inhaled corticosteroid-formoterol as reliever monotherapy has recently been recommended in the asthma treatment guidelines. However, the efficacy of this treatment strategy has not yet been determined during the stepping-down period in moderate asthma. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of reducing treatment to as-needed budesonide-formoterol (BFM) in moderate asthma with complete remission. Methods: We randomly assigned 31 patients (8 males and 23 females with a mean age of 57.2 years) with complete remission of asthma by inhaled BFM (160/4.5 ㎍) twice daily to receive BFM (160/4.5 ㎍) as needed (16 patients), or budesonide (BUD) (200 ㎍) twice daily (15 patients). The study was an open-label study done for 48 weeks, with the primary outcome as the cumulative percentages of patients with treatment failure (asthma exacerbation or loss of asthma control or lack of satisfaction after using medications) in the two groups. Results: Six patients (42%) using as-needed BFM had treatment failure, as compared with three patients (21.4%) using BUD maintenance (hazards ratio for as-needed BFM, 1.77; 95% confidential interval, 0.44-7.12; p=0.41). The changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second were -211.3 mL with as-needed BFM versus -97.8 mL with BUD maintenance (difference, 113.5 mL; p=0.75) and the change in fractional exhaled nitric oxide was significantly higher in both groups, at 8.68 parts per billion (ppb) in the as-needed BFM group and 2.5 ppb. in the BUD maintenance group (difference, 6.18 ppb; p=0.049). Conclusion: Compared with BUD maintenance, there were no significant differences in treatment failure rate in patients who received as-needed BFM during the stepping down period in moderate asthma. However, they showed reduced lung function and relapsed airway inflammation. The results are limited by imprecision, and further large RCTs are needed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2000

Motivated by the need for developing the more efficient lighting system for light culture in the greenhouses, this paper aims to predict the illumination of incandescent lamp according to various levels of lighting and various kinds of the lamp. The results obtained in this experiment are summarized as follows. 1. The general equation to predict the illumination according to the kind of incandescent lamp and the installation height was suggested as {{{{y= { a + bx+ cx^2} over { 1+dx+ex^2~ + fx^3} [lx]}}}} , where , a, b, c , d, e and of were arbitrary constants. 2. Maximum illumination of hat-covered lamp of 60 W was 1.2 -1.5 times as many as uncovered lamp. 3. Maximum illumination of yellow color painted lamp of 100 W was 1.3 times as many as unpainted lamp.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2002

The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of the safety hat on the balance of body temperature by observation of the physiological response under hot working environment. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber of 3$0^{\circ}C$, 50%RH for 70 minutes. To compare the two kinds of safety hat, 5 healthy male subjects worn safety hat without hole (called 'without hole') or safety hat with hole (called 'with hole') according to a randomized cross-over design. The main results of this study are as fellows: Rectal temperature and heart rate were significantly lower level in 'with hole'than in 'without hole'. The mean skin temperature was significantly higher in 'without hole'than in 'with hole'. Blood pressure were significantly low in 'with hole'. Sweat rate which was measured by weight loss before and after experiment was higher in 'without hole'. In subjective ratings, subjects replied more hot, more uncomfortable and more wet, they felt more fatigue in condition of 'without hole'. Work ability which was measured by a grip strength dynamometer was higher in 'with hole'. Safety hat which can be used for safety of the brain in work place is meaningful device of behavioral thermoregulatory response under the hot working environment. The safety hat which is designed for proper ventilation and hygiene can maintain the homeostasis of body temperature by releasing body temperature efficiently.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.266-269
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• 2013

Hox genes encode transcription factors important for anterior-posterior body patterning at early stages of embryonic development. However, the precise mechanisms by which signal pathways are stimulated to regulate Hox gene expression are not clear. In the previous study, protein kinase B alpha (Akt1) has been identified as a putative upstream regulator of Hox genes, and Akt1 has shown to regulate Gcn5, a prototypical histone acetyltransferase (HAT), in a negative way in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Since the activity of HAT such as the CBP/p300, and PCAF (a Gcn5 homolog), was down-regulated by Akt through a phosphorylation at the Akt consensus substrate motif (RXRXXS/T), the amino acid sequence of Gcn5 protein was analyzed. Mouse Gcn5 contains an Akt consensus substrate motif as RQRSQS sequence while human Gcn5 does not have it. In order to see whether Akt1 directly binds to Gcn5, immunoprecipitation with anti-Akt1 antibody was carried out in wild-type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells, and then western blot analysis was performed with anti-Akt1 and anti-Gcn5 antibodies. Gcn5 protein was detected in the Akt1 immunoprecipitated samples of MEFs. This result demonstrates that Akt1 directly binds to Gcn5, which might have contributed the down regulation of the 5' Hoxc gene expressions in wild type MEF cells.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.241-270
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• 2002

Mit dem Abschluss einer Schiedsvereinbarung ist die Zustandigkeit der staatlichen Gerichte tiber den Gegenstand der Schiedsvereinbarung ausgeschlossen, es sei denn, daß die Schiedsvereinbarung nichtig, unwirksam oder undurchftihrbar ist. Anlasslich der Entscheidung des BGH vom 14.9.2000, die nach dem neuen deutschen Schiedsverfahrensrecht entschieden worden ist, handelt es sich in der vorliegenden Arbeit hauptsachlich darum, ob die Mittellosigkeit einer Partei das Erloschen der Schiedsvereinbarung zur Folge hat und ob es in diesem Fall keiner Kundigung der Schiedsvereinbarung mehr bedarf. In der Vermogenslosigkeit der Partei hat der BGH mit Recht einen Erloschensgrund der Schiedsvereinbarung angenommen, weil hier die Schiedsvereinbarung tatsachlich undurchfuhrbar ist. Sonst wurde die mittellose Partei rechtlos gestellt. Das Festhalten der vermogenslosen Partei an ihrer Schiedsvereinbarung wurde dem Rechtsstaatsprinzip entgegenstehen. Anders als der BGH, der von der Kundigungsobliegenheit im Falle der Undurchfuhrbarkeit der Schiedsvereinbarung abgesehen hat, bedarf es aber meines Erachtens der Kundigung. Da die Schiedsvereinbarung auch ein Vertrag ist und ein andauerndes Rechtsverhaltnis unter den Parteien begrtindet, finden die Vorschriften des burgerlichen Rechts entsprechende Anwendung, soweit nicht prozessrechtliche Gesichtspunkte entgegenstehen. Allerdings ist die Kundigungerklarung der Partei moglichst weit auszulegen. In der Erhebung einer Klage vor einem staatlichen Gericht kann man im allgemeinen eine konkludente Willenserklarung der Partei tiber die Kundigung einsehen.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to find out the factors of Knowledge and attitudes related to sun safety and to determine the factors affecting sun protection behavior. The subjects were 167 adults in their twenties living in Busan. The results were as follows. 1. Four factors of knowledge about sun safety were identified: ultraviolet ray risk, sunscreen, sun protective clothing, and nil protective color. 2. Four factors of attitudes toward sun exposure were identified: attractiveness, emotion, conformity, and health concern. 3. Four factors of sun protection behavior were identified: sunscreen/parasol, shade, hat/sunglasses, and sun protective clothing. 4. Compared to women, men were relatively more risk to skin damage due to less proportion that used sunscreen and a parasol. 5. Factors of sun protective behavior, such as sunscreen/parasol, shade, hat/sunglasses, and sun protective clothing, were associated with the Knowledge related to ultraviolet ray risk. 6. Wearing a hat and sunglasses was predicted by the attractiveness, which defined as positive attitudes toward tanned appearance. 7. Shade use was affected by the perception of sun exposure as happiness and relaxing. 8. Health concern was the strongest predictor of sunscreen/parasol use.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.246-251
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• 1999

Headdress which adorns the head has been used not only as a type of dress but also as a vehicle to express the human's mentality and a tool to convey ideas. This study first examines the type of headdress observed in the world folk costumes and investigates their geographical distribution and aims to examine how the types of headdress are inter-related to the peoples' natural environments, way of life and cultural background such as religion and aesthetic, ethical standards. Headdress used as important elements of many peoples' folk costumes can be categorized into scarf-type, hat-type and adornment-type. Veil-type, the one of scarf-types, was developed in Southwestern Asia and Arabic Africa influenced by natural and religious factors. This type is more simplified in Turkey and Eastern Europe and only covers head and neck in the former and only head in the latter while also being called 'headkerchief-type'. Hat-type is observed in many different parts of the world. Adornment-type has been used to symbolized one's noble social status and authority in societies dominated by shamanistic cultural background; it was also used in Far East out of the motivation to fulfil one's aesthetic desire. Headdress though it was originally made from the idential purpose of wearing, has developed into the various types affected by each people's natural environments, emotion and ways of life.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.187-206
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study is to analyze the clothing excavated in Xinjinag, concerned with the study of clothing culture in Central Asia. The results are as follows : A headwear is a corn hat or round hat, the material is field, fur or woolen textiles. For hair accessories, feathers or wooden pins were used. The corn hats of the Scythians and the Huns also had same design and did not change even after being influenced from the culture of Han Dynasty. A woman's hair styles was many strips of braid, a man's hair style was a braid or a topknot. Regarding the clothing, a woman wore pull-over type and a man wore caftan for a jacket. Both a man and a woman wore widened coat and trousers as well as felt socks and leather boots, and longer socks than boots are the characteristics of the clothing of nomadic horsemen. The textiles was mainly wool, but silk was used for coats, socks and gloves in high society imported from China through the Silk Road after the 2nd century B.C. Compared with Korea clothing, a corn hat, widened coat, trousers and leather boots are similar with those of Koguryo. The influence of western culture is shown in a man's short hair, animal design, W1-Kum, a woman's pull-over type and a round neckline.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.269-284
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• 1997

Followings are the analysis of the two areas'costumes, the Renaissance and Baroque, as the analytic and synthetic structures. From the analytic structure of the costumes, the analytic body and of the Renaissant man's outer garments is manteau, pourpoint, trousses, bas du chausses, and codpiece of the hat is toque. And the analyic body of the Baroque, man's costume is pourpoint and rhingrave, of the under garments is chemise, of the hat is felt, of the shoes is shoes. In the analytic structure of woman's costume, the analytic body of the Renaissant outer garments is robe, of the under garments is corps-pique, chemise, and vertugadin, of the hat is french hood. And the analytic body of the Baroque outer garments is skirt and overdress, of the undergarments is corps-baleine. The results we have got from the analysis of the synthetic structures of the costumes is that other analytic elements are chosen and united as the component features of the major analytic elements among the analytic elements in the tables of 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, and 3-4. If we compare the two analytic bodies of the two areas, we can see that the names of the costumes were changed and the component features about the names were changed according to an area, too. And we can see the synthetic structures were changed according to the analytic body in the analytic structures were changed according to the analytic body in the analytic structures with the synthetic structures.