• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.33-51
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to assess the protective effect of Saengmaek-san (SM) on UVB-induced HaCaT cell damage. Methods: The protective effects of Saengmaek-san(SM) were determined by UVB-induced HaCaT assay. We assessed protective effects of Saengmaek-san (SM) on LDH release and nitrite release from HaCaT. And COX-2, Bcl-2, Bax, $TNF{\alpha}$, c-jun, c-fos, NF-kB, iNOS, Bcl-xL gene expression were determined in HaCaT using real-time PCR method. Results: 1. SM inhibited LDH-release, nitrite production in UVB-exposed HaCaT. 2. SM suppressed the gene expression of COX-2, $TNF{\alpha}$ in UVB-exposed HaCaT. 3. SM increased the gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xL family protein in UVB-exposed HaCaT. 4. SM suppressed the gene expression of c-jun, c-fos, NF-kB in UVB-exposed HaCaT. Conclusions: The study showed SM inhibited the cell damage in UVB-exposed HaCaT.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted using the theory of planned behavior to analyze factors influencing mothers' intention to vaccinate their children against hepatitis A (HA). Methods: This descriptive study used a questionnaire. The participants were 100 mothers with children under 19 years. The collected data were analyzed by the t-test, analysis of variance, and the Mann-Whitney U test. The Pearson's correlation was used to test the correlations among variables. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify factors related to HA vaccination intention. Results: The attitude of mothers with children under 19 to HA vaccination were quite positive (6.2 of 7), and their perceived behavioral control (5.73 of 7), subjective norm (5.54 of 7), and vaccination intention (5.96 of 7) were relatively high. Attitude toward HA vaccination was the strongest influencing factor, followed by subjective norm. The explanatory power of attitude and subjective norm for HA vaccination was 84%. Conclusion: HA vaccination is very important for preventing HA. Mothers' positive attitudes toward HA vaccination were an important factor influencing their children's HA vaccination. Providing education on the benefits of HA vaccination and the vaccination schedule may foster positive attitude toward vaccination.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.451-460
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• 2023

Animals generally prefer nutrients and avoid toxic and harmful chemicals. Recent behavioral and physiological studies have identified that sweet-sensing gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in Drosophila melanogaster mediate appetitive behaviors toward fatty acids. Sweet-sensing GRN activation requires the function of the ionotropic receptors IR25a, IR56d, and IR76b, as well as the gustatory receptor GR64e. However, we reveal that hexanoic acid (HA) is toxic rather than nutritious to D. melanogaster. HA is one of the major components of the fruit Morinda citrifolia (noni). Thus, we analyzed the gustatory responses to one of major noni fatty acids, HA, via electrophysiology and proboscis extension response (PER) assay. Electrophysiological tests show this is reminiscent of arginine-mediated neuronal responses. Here, we determined that a low concentration of HA induced attraction, which was mediated by sweet-sensing GRNs, and a high concentration of HA induced aversion, which was mediated by bitter-sensing GRNs. We also demonstrated that a low concentration of HA elicits attraction mainly mediated by GR64d and IR56d expressed by sweet-sensing GRNs, but a high concentration of HA activates three gustatory receptors (GR32a, GR33a, and GR66a) expressed by bitter-sensing GRNs. The mechanism of sensing HA is biphasic in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, HA inhibit sugar-mediated activation like other bitter compounds. Taken together, we discovered a binary HA-sensing mechanism that may be evolutionarily meaningful in the foraging niche of insects.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2003

This study was performed to compare the effect of hyaluronic acid(HA), vitamin I and their combinations for the prevention of postoperative intraperitioneal adhesion in dogs. Twelve mongrel dogs were divided into four groups; HA- (HA Group), vitamin E 800IU- (E8 Group), HA + vitamin E 800IU- (HA+E8 Group) and HA + vitamin E 1600IU-treated group(HA+E16 Group) with three dogs in each group. After celiotomy, five abrasions of 1$\times$1 cm area were made on the antimesenteric serosal surface of the anterior ileocecum with a No. 10 scalpel blade. The five abrasions and peritoneal cavity were coated with 25 of 0.l% HA. Oral supplements of vitamin E were given from the fifth day before the operation to the fourteenth day after the operation. Hematologic values were evaluated before the operation and on the 1st, 4th, 7th and 14th day after the operation. The locations and scores of adhesion were assessed through the second operation on the 21st day after the first operation. The adhesions were located on serosa to mesentary(43.3%)), serosa to serosa(20%), serosa to omentum(5%) and serosa to parietal peritoneum(1.7%). The incidences of adhesion in HA, E8, HA+E8 and HA+E16 groups were 80%, 100%, 47% and 53%, respectively. The scores of adhesion in HA+E8 group(p < 0.05) were lower than those in other groups. This study showed that the combination of HA and vitamin E 800IU was significantly effective in reducing the intraperitoneal adhesion in dogs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.380-385
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• 2006

To establish law-put fertilization technique and increase of fertilization efficiency during cultivation of vinyl mulching for plant, the improvement of soil properties, nutrition efficiency and yields by band spotty fertilization(BSF) using band spotty applicator was carried out at garlic(Alltuiti sativum L.) field in Honam Agricultural Research Institute from 2001 to 2002 for 2 years. The value of pH and the content of total nitrogen, organic matter, exchangeable potassium and calcium of soil after experiment were increased but the content of available phosphate was decreased than soil before experiment. Uptake amounts of nitrogen fertilized by plants were more than in BSF plots($89{\sim}111kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF(conventional fertilization) Plot ($76kg\;ha^{-1}$) and nitrogen use efficiency were high in BSF plots(42.9~58.2%) compared to in CF plot(34.9%). Also Uptake amounts of potassium fertilized by plants were more than in BSF plots($34{\sim}58kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($33kg\;ha^{-1}$) and potassium use efficiency were high in BSF plots(21.6~41.2%) compared to in CF plot(19.4%). Residual amount of nitrogen fertilized on soil were more than in BSF plots($38{\sim}54kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($22kg\;ha^{-1}$) while loss amount of nitrogen fertilized on soil were less than in BSF plots($32{\sim}53kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($120kg\;ha^{-1}$). Also Residual amount of potassium fertilized on soil were more than in 100% BSF plot($109kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($72kg\;ha^{-1}$) while loss amount of nitrogen fertilized on soil were less than in BSF plots($14{\sim}38kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($113kg\;ha^{-1}$). The BSF plots were increased plant height, leaf number, leaf sheath diameter, bulb diameter and height compared to CF plot. The total yields of garlic were more increased 14~19% because of high large bulb rate, commercial yields in 70, 100% BSF plots compared to in CF plot($102.9Mg\;ha^{-1}$). It was found that 70% band spotty fertilization was more effective as fertilization method to reduce both environmental pollution and chemical nitrogen fertilizer in plastic film mulching cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.578-586
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of spatial distribution of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.) in Hallasan National Park by surveying the distribution and crown density and analyzing by the elevation, slope, orientation, and regional habitat in 2006 and 2015. The total area of the Korean red pine forest was 1,259.9 ha in 2015, which increased by 51.4 ha, or 4.1%, compared to 1,208.5 ha in 2006. For the past 10 years, the area of sparse density with crown density of 11% to 40% of Korean red pine increased by 59.8 ha, the area of moderate density with crown density of 41% to 70% increased by 59.0 ha, and the area of dense density with 71% or more crown density increased by 67.3 ha. In terms of the altitude above sea level, the Korean red pine forest area between 1,010 m and 1,400 m was the largest at 1,003.0 ha or 79.6% of the total area in 2015. The area between 1,100 m and 1,300 m increased, and the area of dense density decreased significantly while the areas of moderate density and sparse density increase. There was no notable change according to the land slope, and the area increased from 2006 regardless of the slope. By direction, 56.4% were distributed in the southwest and southeast directions centered on the south-facing slope with the increase of 27.8 ha over the 10 years while the northwest and northeast directions centered on the north-facing slope decreased by 7.6 ha. Regarding the distribution change of the Korean red pine forest by the region, the Yeongsil area showed an increase of 25.5 ha, or 49.6% of the total area increase, in 2006 while the Ibseog-oreum area including the right side on the Sanbeoleum mountain valley increased by 20.4 ha. The distribution in the Gaemideung area that includes Jogeundeule increased by 7.4 ha while that of Sogbat in Sungpanak Trail decreased by 1.9 ha. This study analyzed the changes in the distribution area and crown density of the Korean red pine forest according to the altitude, slope, direction, and regional habitat in Hallasan National Park. The expansion of Korean red pine forest distribution was limited to the areas where the grass and the shrub was the dominating vegetation structure, or the forest gap was created by the disturbance. On the other hand, the distribution area of the Korean red pine forest surrounded by deciduous broad-leaved forests or mixed vegetation structure is considered to result from the change in density more than the area due to competition with deciduous broad-leaved trees.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.s1
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• pp.50-56
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• 1998

Ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) was successfully used to produce a dense and ultra-adherent Hydroxyapatite (HA) film on titanium alloy and alumina. Recently it is also proved that the HA coatings on alumina substrate treated with 20 ppm $AgNO_3$ had the structure of $(Ag, Ca)_10(PO_4)6(OH)_2$, which exhibited excellent antimicrobial effects. The present paper aims to morphlogically characterize the adhesion of macrophages on newly developed Ag-HA coated alumina and Ti6A14V substrates and to evaluate the biocompatibility of the coatings in vitro. It can be found that the cell number on alumina of the concentration of $AgNO_3$ in the treatment, the cell number on Ag-HA coatings decreased. Up to 20 ppm $AgNO_3$ by Ag-treatment, the morphological development of the cells on Ag-HA coating was similar to that of the cells on HA coating, suggesting the biotolerance of the Ag-HA coatings.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.529-532
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 생체 적합성이 뛰어난 HA와 생분해성고분자인 PLLA와의 낮은 혼합성을 개선하기 위하여 HA를 화학적으로 개질하여 PLLA와의 특정 상호 작용력을 부여함으로서 HA/PLLA 복합체의 기계적 물성을 높이는 연구를 수행하였다. TGA분석으로부터 개질된 HA은 6wt% lactic acid 와 7 wt% DLA가 반응하였으며 HA에 비하여 유기용매에 대한 분산안정성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 용매-비용매 방법으로 제조된 HAAD/PLLA 복합체는 DSC측정으로부터 개질된 HA의 DLA 사슬과 PLLA의 LLA사이에 스테레오 콤플렉스를 형성에 의하여 HA가 PLLA사이에 균일하게 분산되었고 상분리 구조의 미개질 HA/PLLA 복합체에 비하여 기계적 물성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.251-251
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• 2006

A real time bio-imaging of HA degradation was successfully carried out using HA-quantum dot conjugates. HA-ADH with ADH content of ca. 70 mol% was synthesized and conjugated with quantum dots containing carboxyl terminal ligands which were activated by the addition of HOBt and EDC in DMSO. When the concentration of HA-ADH solution was higher than 4 wt%, HA-ADH hydrogels incorporating quantum dots could be synthesized in 30 minutes. These novel HA-quantum dot conjugates and the precursor solution of HA hydrogels incorporating quantum dots were injected to the nude mouse and investigated to elucidate the biological roles of HA in the body for various future tissue engineering applications.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.594-599
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• 2008

Hydroxyapatite(HA) was prepared from waste tuna bone, and its sintering property and dissolution behavior were investigated. Tuna bone derived-HA powder consisted of mainly HA and small amount of MgO. Porous HA ceramics with sintered density of 79% was obtained by pressureless sintering at $1200^{\circ}C$. Meanwhile, HA ceramics prepared by hot pressing at $1000^{\circ}C$ showed dense microstructure with sintered density of 95%. Immersion test revealed that both porous and dense HA ceramics were stable in liquid environment without distinct evidence of surface dissolution. It may be assumed that the presence of Mg in tuna bone-derived HA may improve dissolution resistance of HA.