• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.105-119
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• 2006

Objectives & Methods : This present study was performed to investigate the effect of Hwadamtongrak-Tang extract (HTT) on the regulation of cerebral hemodynamics in terms of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)] in normal and cerebral ischemic rats. Also the effects of HTT on changes in local blood flow, inhibition of LD H activity in neuronal cells, and levels of cytokine production in the serum were determined in the ischemic rat model. The major findings are summarized below. Results : 1. HTT significantly increased rCBF in a dose-dependent manner, but MABP was not changed by HTT treatment. These results suggest that HTT may increase rCBF by dilating cerebral arterial diameter. 2. HTT-induced increase in rCBF was blocked by pretreatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IDN, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and MABP was significantly increased by ID N. 3. Pretreatment of methylene blue $(MTB,\;10\;{\mu}g/kg,\;i.p.)$, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, significantly decreased both rCBP and MABP in HTT-treated rats. 4. HTT treatment significantly increased rCBP to a stable level during the period of cerebral reperfusion. 5. HTT significantly inhibited LD H activity in neuronal cells, suggesting a neuroprotection by HTT. 6. Serum interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ levels were significantly decreased in the femoral artery 1 hr after middle cerebral arterial occlusion in HTT-treated rats. IL-10 levels in the serum were significantly increased by HTT treatment whereas transforming growth factor $(TGF)-{\beta}$ levels were similar between HTT-treated and control groups. 7. Serum interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ levels were significantly decreased in the femoral artery 1 hr after reperfusion in HTT-treated rats. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly decreased in HTT-treated rats compared with the control group, and no significant changes in $(TGF)-{\beta}$ in the serum were observed by HTT treatment. Conclusions: The present data suggest that HTT may have an anti-ischemic effect via the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics and thus protect the brain from ischemic damage.

• Carbon letters
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.234-242
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• 2005

Bending and tensile properties of 2D cross-ply C/C composites with processing heat treatment temperature (HTT) are evaluated. C/C composites used are made from two types of PAN based T700 and M40 carbon fibers with phenolic resin as carbon matrix precursor. Both the types of composites are heat treated at different temperatures (ranging from 750 to $2800^{\circ}C$) and characterized for bending and tensile properties. It is observed that, real density and open porosity increases with HTT, however, bulk density does show remarkable change. The real density and open porosity are higher in case T-700 carbon fiber composites at $2800^{\circ}C$, even though the density of M40 carbon fiber is higher. Bending strength is considerably greater than tensile strength through out the processing HTT due to the different mode of fracture. The bending and tensile strength decreases in both composites on $1000^{\circ}C$ which attributed to decrease in bulk density, thereafter with increase in HTT, bending and tensile strength increases. The maximum strength is in T700 fiber based composites at HTT $1500^{\circ}C$ and in M40 fiber based composites at HTT $2500^{\circ}C$. After attending the maximum value of strength in both types of composite at deflection HTT, after that strength decreases continuously. Decrease in strength is due to the degradation of fiber properties and in-situ fiber damages in the composite. The maximum carbon fiber strength realization in C/C composites is possible at a temperature that is same of fiber HTT. It has been found first time that the bending strength more or less 1.55 times higher in T700 fiber composites and in M40 fiber composites bending strength is 1.2 times higher than that of tensile strength of C/C composites.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2003

TCDD를 투여한지 일주일 후부터 어성초를 200mg/kg 복강 내로 4주간 격일로 투여하였다. TTA군과 NTT군은 saline을 투여하였다. 혈청에서 GOT, GPT의 활성도를 측정하였고, 간조직중에서 MDA, GSH, GSSG, GPx, SOD, Catalase의 level을 측정하였다. GOT 활성도는 HTT군이 TTA군과 비교해서 49.00%의 억제 효과를 보였다. 반면 GPT활성도는 TTA(29.70)군에 비해 68.36%의 억제효과를 보였다. MDA는 TTA군이 NTT군 보다 높게 나왔으며, HTT군은 NTT군에 비교하여 30.47%의 억제율을 보였다. HTT군의 GSH는 TTA군에 비해 1.91배 증가하였고, GSSG는 TTA군에 비해 46.72% 감소하였다. SOD는 TTA군이 NTT군보다 낮게 나타났고, HTT는 TTA군에 비해 46%의 증가를 보였다. Catalase는 TTA군(1.12mU/mg protein)의 활성은 NTT(3.44mU/mg protein)군 보다 32.56% 감소하였다. HTT군의 간의 Catalase 활성도는 TTA 군과 비교하여 50.00% 증가 하였다. 이러한 결과에서 보듯이 TCDD로 인해 생성된 free radical은 항산화 효소에 의해서 감소되었으며, 그리고 어성초가 항산화 효소 대신에 노화를 저해하는 작용을 하는 것으로 사료 된다.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.43-46
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• 2020

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the huntingtin protein (Htt). There is no cure for HD so far. Although exact molecular mechanism of HD pathogenesis is still elusive, fibril formation of the expanded Htt is linked to the toxicity. In this study, we prepared the expanded Htt containing 46 glutamines, and induced the fibrillation by proteolytic cleavage. Fibrillation of the pathogenic Htt has been monitored by time course NMR experiment. The NMR-based monitoring method could be widely used to screen the candidates to inhibit the fibrillation of the pathogenic Htt.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2002

우울증 환자들에게 항우울제를 처방하는 임상의들이 흔히 겪게 되는 두 가지 어려움은 약물의 치료 반응 유무를 판단하기 위하여 처음 약물을 투여한 후 4~6주 이상을 기다려야 하는 것과 어떤 종류의 항우울제라도 처음 4~6주 이후에도 반응을 보이지 않는 환자들이 30~40% 이상이 된다는 것이다. 이와 같은 어려움을 극복하기 위해서는 환자 개개인의 항우울제에 대한 반응성을 미리 예측하는 것이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 연구자들의 과거 실험들과 이미 발표된 연구들을 중심으로 하여 항우울제에 대한 치료 반응성을 예측하는데 약리유전학적 방법을 이용한 현재까지의 연구들과 연구 결과를 해석 할때 고려해야 할 사항을 살펴보고자 한다. 세로토닌 수송체(serotonin transporter, 5-HTT)는 항우울제가 신경세포에 작용하는 주요 작용부위 중 하나이다. 최근의 연구들에 의하면 5-HTT 유전자 promoter 부위의 기능적인 다형성(5-HTT linked polymorphism repetitive element in promoter region, 5-HTTLPR)이 항우울제에 대한 치료 반응성과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 5-HTTLPR 유전형의 분포빈도는 인종들 간에서 차이가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 연구자들은 최근의 실험을 통하여 5-HTTLPR 유전형들의 endophenotype을 혈소판 막에 분포하는 5-HTT의 약동학적 특성으로 측정할 수 있음을 발견하였다. 흥미로운 사실은 5-HTTLPR 유전형의 분포가 인종적으로 다른 양상으로 나타났듯이, 그 endophenotype인 혈소판막의 5-HTT의 약동학적 특성 역시 전혀 반대되는 양상으로 나타났다. 하지만 이 endophenotype의 특성만으로 항우울제의 치료반응을 예측하는 것은 아직까지 한계가 있으며, 향후 이러한 과제를 해결하기 위한 방법중 약리유전학적 방법을 사용할 수 있음을 제안하였다. 예비적으로 시행한 실험을 통하여 연구자들은 세로토닌 수송체의 구조와 특징이 비슷한 생체아민 수송체들의 유전자 다형성들 간에 유의한 상관관계가 있음을 발견하였으며, 이들 유의한 상관관계가 있는 유전자형을 연합하여 조합할 때 세로토닌 수송체의 유전형만의 기여도보다도 항우울제에 대한 반응 예측도의 odds ratio가 유의하게 상승함을 발견하였다. 이러한 연구 결과들은 임상의가 항우울제를 처방 할 때에 환자들의 유전적 그리고 인종적인 배경을 고려하여 개별화된 전략을 사용하여야 한다는 가설을 뒷받침한다. 앞으로 항우울제의 작용기전과 그 대사과정에 관여하는 유전자들들 중심으로 유전자 간의 상호 작용을 밝히고 그 표현형이 약물의 치료 반응도에 미치는 기여도를 평가하는 작업들은 항우울제의 치료 반응과 그 부작용을 미리 예측할 수 있는 평가 도구를 개발할 수 있는 가장 최선의 길이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.572-584
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• 2022

Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of trinucleotide CAG repeat in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The major pathogenic pathways underlying HD involve the impairment of cellular energy homeostasis and DNA damage in the brain. The protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is an important regulator of the DNA damage response. ATM is involved in the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), suggesting that AMPK plays a critical role in response to DNA damage. Herein, we demonstrated that expression of polyQ-expanded mutant Htt (mHtt) enhanced the phosphorylation of ATM. Ginsenoside is the main and most effective component of Panax ginseng. However, the protective effect of a ginsenoside (compound K, CK) in HD remains unclear and warrants further investigation. Methods: This study used the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD and performed behavioral tests, survival rate, histological analyses, and immunoblot assays. Results: The systematic administration of CK into R6/2 mice suppressed the activation of ATM/AMPK and reduced neuronal toxicity and mHTT aggregation. Most importantly, CK increased neuronal density and lifespan and improved motor dysfunction in R6/2 mice. Conversely, CK enhanced the expression of Bcl2 protected striatal cells from the toxicity induced by the overactivation of mHtt and AMPK. Conclusions: Thus, the oral administration of CK reduced the disease progression and markedly enhanced lifespan in the transgenic mouse model (R6/2) of HD.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2001

As numbers of serotonin's function are so many, studies of serotonin are numerous nowadays. In the beginning, concentration of metabolites such as 5-HIAA was a key issue, but recent studies have been challenged for serotonin receptor genes and their relation to mood disoder. Serotonin transporter(5-HTT) gene is a strong candidate gene of mood disoder for following reason. Serotonin transporter is a key protein in the serotonin pathway as it regulate the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic clept and essential pathophysiology of depression is dysregulation of 5-HTT so that all antidepressants have effect of 5-HTT antagonist. The decrease of 5-HTT in the platelet and in brain of the depressive patients is much consistent results in the studies of the pathophysiology of mood disorder till now. By this, we will be able to develop simple and easy marker for diagnosis, type, and treatment monitoring of depression. Many psychiatrists have sought the independent genes in relation to depression or schizophrenia. Obviously, the hereditary vulnerability contributes to etiology of mood disorders, but it is difficult to discriminate the independent genes because of many environmental factors. Moreover, in the hereditarily complex diseases such as mood disorder, the only vulnerability of gene can not sufficiently explain the etiology. In the future, to exclude the role of the gene-environmental interaction, the methods such as gene transfer can be considered. In the opposite direction, by using the gene destruction method, the role of target genes can be examined. As yet the concept of the gene expression, neural plasticity, neurogenesis and etc, is the elementary stage. The development of this field will help to establish the treatment strategy of chronic and refractory mood disorders.

• Carbon letters
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.22-26
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• 2000

Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the structure of coal tar pitch heat-treated up to $3000^{\circ}C$ by using 514.5 run Ar ion laser line. Four critical temperature ranges were found on pyrolyzing coal tar pitch, which correspond to four distinct processes from disordered carbons to the well-ordered graphite structure. The range of heat treat temperature (HTT) below $1000^{\circ}C$ corresponds to gas evolution during the pyrolysis of coal tar pitch. Above the HTT are correlated to rearrangements of enlarged molecules, growth of the molecules along the direction of plane, finally stacking in the normal direction of the plane, in the respective HTT ranges of 1000-2000, above 2000 and $2500-3000^{\circ}C$.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.33-36
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• 2018

Hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT) of the thyroid gland is a rare neoplasm and only less than 100 cases have been reported so far. It is characterized by hyalinizing stroma with trabecular growth pattern and has an indolent clinical course. Because of its histologic features, it is frequently misdiagnosed as papillary or medullary carcinoma in fine needle aspiration cytologic findings. The tumor is benign or low malignant potential and thyroid lobectomy is recommended for adequate treatment. We recently experienced a case of thyroidal HTT in a 57-year-old man, who presented with a right thyroid nodule that was suspicious of papillary carcinoma in aspiration cytology. We report the unique and rare disease entity with brief literature review.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.422-430
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• 2013

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of So-Oochim-tang-Gagam-bang (SOCT-G) on oxidative stress and serotonin metabolism in P815 Mast Cells The effects of SOCT-G on activity of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) in P815 mast cells were investigated. The effect of SOCT-G on content of serotonin in P815 mast cells was investigated. The effects of SOCT-G on expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT), Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH-1) mRNA in P815 mast cells were investigated. The SOCT-G increased DPPH radical-scavenging activity in P815 mast cells. The SOCT-G increased SOD activity in P815 mast cells. The SOCT-G decreased the intracellular content of serotonin in P815 mast cells. The SOCT-G decreased 5-HTT and TPH-1 mRNA expression in P815 mast cells. This experiment shows that So-Ochm-Tang-Gagam-bang has a significant effect of oxidative stress that help prevent free radical damage. And So-Ochim-Tang-Gagam-bang decreased the intracellular content of serotonin and mRNA expression of 5-HTT and TPH-1. Therefore, further researches are suggested to reveal the anti-depressive effectiveness of So-Ochim-Tang-Gagam-bang.