• 무역학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2020

This study aims to determine if the current COVID-19 event can be admitted as an excuse for non-performance in international trade transactions. In order to do so, this study selected case study method in the analysis. Firstly, the definitions of Force Majeure addressed in CISG, UCC, Chinese Law, and Korean Law were organized. Secondly, this study reviewed the avian influenza event in 2006 and the natural disaster event occurred in Guangdong, China, in 2017. In the study, three critical evaluation factors are suggested in order to be admitted as a Force Majeure event in international transactions as following: 1) possibility of foresight of the event, 2) possibility to overcome and avoid the event, and 3) the enterprise's countermeasures of the event. As an implication, this study organized the definitions of Force Majeure that were indicated in various kinds of Laws and suggested the basic framework to analyze the possibility of admittance as a Force Majeure event.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제6권1_2호
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• pp.150-160
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• 1999

Background : Because hospitals had to faced with financial hardship, we have to have more effective hospital management. In this study, we tried to improve job performance and to reduce cost maintaining safety in fields of patients care. Methods : Central Supply Room(CSR) staffs taught strategy of material cost reduction to middle level managers and staffs 14 times. All staffs and voluntary service workers, working in 33 nursing units, participated in this activity. We developed questionnaire to check the degree of participate in cost reduction activity and job performance in CSR, and quality improvement in the wards. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed and 197 returned. Results : Because CSR staffs developed new items and every item was managed at each department, stocks of each department were reduced. Overall, by comparing before and after cost reduction activity, almost 1.2 billion won reduced for one year. Staffs' loyalty and spirits of cost reduction were improved by changing clothes and duty environment. Furthermore, these activity improved patients' satisfaction. Conclusion : We suggest that CSR activity in a university hospital contributes to improve job performance and to reduce cost without any problem in patient care.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2015

Objectives: Because recently hospital had to faced with financial hardship, we have to have more effective hospital management. The purpose of this study was to reduce loss costs of the hospital through the systematic management of medical supplies and increase operational efficiency. Methods: The team was composed of outpatient nursing staff, medical record administrator, nurses in medical insurance, medical computer center, dermatologists for this study. We surveyed for 114 people including outpatient nursing staff, nurse aids, medical assistant, physician assistant. Pre-survey period was 2013.03.11 ~ 03.30(2 weeks), and post-survey period was 2013.09.03 ~ 09.17(2 weeks). Result: We improved this way through the computational improvement, conservation campaigns, inventory management, staff training, replaced by low-cost medical supplies. The finding of this study were as follows: Comparing before and after the activity of outpatient nursing staff's degree of knowledge, performance, economic consciousness, the degree of knowledge, performance was increased, but there was no significant change in economic consciousness. Performance of Married person is higher than the unmarried, In addition, the high-position people were more the degree of knowleage, economic consciousness. After activity, correlation of goods and treatment, examinations is increasing, but statistically there was no mean. Conclusion: This study revealed that knowledge in a short period of activity, but also can improve, perform the same change in behavior is not easy. This one shows the intensive training required to sustained and systematic behavioral changes, such as changes in behavior, perform rituals to help the economy. Expensive medical supplies to replace a similar effect as the cost of materials just to have a lot of cost savings. Therefore, more medical supplies change is necessary to develop alternative treatment and cost cutting.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2009

물가상승률과 실업률을 합한 수치를 미저리 지수(misery index)라고 칭한다. 미저리 지수가 높을수록 국민경제의 성과는 저조한 것을 나타낸다. Lee and Cheong (2007)은 미저리 지수에 경상수지의 GDP대비 비율(%)을 합한 수치를 개방 미저리 지수로 정의하였으며, 동 지수가 개방도가 높은 경제의 성과를 잘 나타낼 수 있다고 주장하였다. 본 논문은 미국에서 개방 미저리 지수가 증가하는 시기는 미국경제의 성과가 저조한 때와 일치한다는 것을 보인다. 특히 2008년에 시작된 현재의 경제위기 이전에 약 10년간 지속적으로 개방 미저리 지수가 상승하는 추세임을 보여준다. 이는, 미국의 현 경제위기에 앞서 지난 10여년간 미국경제의 내부 및 외부불균형이 누적되어 왔음을 보여주는 것이다. 본 논문은 이와 같이 최근의 증가하는 추세의 개방 미저리 지수를 현재의 경제위기의 전조로 해석한다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

The impact of Korea's joining the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals(CMS) was analyzed to examine its merits and faults as well as to discuss Korea's opportunities. Results of the analysis based on the agenda and decisions of the Conferences of the Parties, the parties performance, and other committees meetings over the last decades indicated that the affiliation of Korea into the CMS could provide various advantages and opportunities for Korea. First, Korea could upgrade its conservation activities regarding migratory species to the global aspects. Second, Korea could take initiatives for conservation of the migratory species in the Far East Asia. Third, Korea would have a better system in forecasting and problem-solving against the epidermic Avian Influenza through systematic cooperation with the CMS parties and other related international regimes. Finally, Korea will be in a better position to generate statistical data and to develop techniques to reduce the by-catches of the sharks and whales. Korea has already provided a fair and protective institutions for most of the migratory endangered species listed under Appendix I and II of the CMS. This implies that Korea may not require additional major changes to the basic acts and/or legislation. Joining the CMS may negatively impact on the fisheries and related businesses related to whales and sharks around the Ulsan and Pohang provinces. However, the obligation to protect whales and sharks demanded by the CMS is regarded as an acceptable article in Korea according to the analysis of the existing policies and scientific aspects. Nevertheless, if the joining the CMS should generate irreversible hardship for local people's livelihood and cultural aspects, Korea may ask for reservations on particular activities. Overall, we suggest that by joining the CMS, Korea could see various advantages and promotion in national policy.

• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국사회복지학회 2002년도 국제학술대회 자료집
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• pp.3-19
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• 2002

The problems and needs of families in Hong Kong are becoming more complex. Traditional family structures and functions are rapidly eroding. Moreover, family problems are further exacerbated by a growing number of socio-economic issues including rising divorce rates and extra-marital affairs. continuous family reunion migration from Mainland China, emotional and financial cost of caring for the older people and the changing economy which has pushed more families into hardship. In effect, more and more families are becoming vulnerable to risk. Traditional family services in Hong Kong are varied in mode, operation and provision, often overlapping in service boundaries with other family-oriented programs. In many instances, family service centers are stretched far beyond their capacity. As a consequence, they become too reactive, remedial and casework dominated. The University of Hong Kong Consultant Team recommended that family service programs have to protect vulnerable families and strengthen family capacities to promote maximum independence. The direction of family services is summarized as: strengthening families; child-centered, family-focused and community-based. New integrative family service centers aim at attaining the principles of promoting accessibility to users with minimum physical, psychological and administrative barriers; early identification of needs and intervention before the further deterioration of problems; integration of services cutting across program boundaries, and partnership between service providers to achieve efficient and effective use of scarce resources. Under the new model, multi-skilled teams can respond more proactively to a wide range of social needs, rather than addressing needs in isolation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the new model, the consultant team has been commissioned by the government to evaluate the performance of these two-year pilot projects. More importantly, a coherent and family-friendly social policy should be formulated to strengthen family capacity against family-related problems.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보교육학회 2011년도 동계학술대회
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• pp.261-264
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• 2011

최근 우리 사회는 양극화 현상에 의해 빈부격차가 점점 심해지고 있으며, 가정간의 소득격차의 심화로 인해 빈곤 아동 문제가 사회적 문제로 대두되고 있다. 저소득층 아동은 가정해체와 부모의 가출, 경제적 어려움 등 부정적인 생활사건을 많이 경험하게 되어 불안, 공격, 위축 등의 행동 문제가 나타나며, 자존감이 낮아지고 학업성취도가 떨어지는 등 여러 문제들이 발생하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 교구 로봇 활용을 통한 아동복지센터 아이들의 사전 사후 변화를 비교 분석해 보았으며 그 결과 창의성뿐만 아니라 행동문제 개선에 유의미한 효과를 주는 것으로 나타났다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2022

본 연구는 만학도 간호학과 학생을 대상으로 대학생활에 관해 학업수행과정 문제점의 본질적인 의미를 탐색해 보는 질적 연구이다. 본 연구의 참여자는 경상북도 K시 일개 대학 4학년의 만학도 대학생으로 학업에 대한 열정을 갖추고 이에 대한 인식을 갖춘 15명의 학생을 대상으로 하였다. 자료 수집은 만학도의 생활과 관련된 경험을 한 학생으로 질문에 대해 48시간 내에 면담과 자기 보고서를 통하여 작성하도록 하였다. 수집된 자료는 Krippendorff의 현상학적 방법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 만학도 간호학생의 경험을 분석한 결과 4개 범주, 14개 주제, 34개 의미 있는 진술로 도출되었다. 4개의 범주는 '끝이 없는 힘듦', '만학도 그들과 함께 함이 이유', '서서히 찾아가는 자신감', '학문과정에서 인생을 배우다'로 도출되었다. 본 연구결과 만학도 간호학생들의 안정적이고 원활한 대학 적응과 추후 건강한 간호전문직을 양성하는데 유용한 프로그램의 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.1774-1784
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• 2014

학교급식소의 HACCP 시스템 적용에 대한 수행 수준과 장애요인 인식을 조사하여 학교급식 HACCP 시스템의 보다 효율적인 적용과 개선방안을 마련하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행하였다. 급식 유형과 급식 운영 형태는 농 어촌형 60.8%, 자체조리 64.3%, 식당배식이 91.6%로 대부분을 차지하였다. HACCP 시스템 수행 수준은 조리종사원 대상 HACCP에 근거한 교육 실시가 4.02로 가장 높게 나타났으며, HACCP팀 회의 개최 및 회의록 작성 비치가 2.74로 가장 낮았다. 학교급식 CCP의 수행 수준 인식은 전체 4.20으로 비교적 잘 수행되는 것으로 나타났다. CCP 1: 식단의 작성이 3.90으로 가장 낮았고, CCP 4: 냉장 냉동고 온도관리 4.44, CP 5: 생채소 과일 세척 및 소독은 4.44로 높게 조사되었다. 학교 일반사항에 따른 수행 수준에서는 도시형이 농 어촌형에 비해 총 급식인원수가 많을수록 수행 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). HACCP 시스템 장애요인 인식에서 '전반적인 장애요인'과 '조리종사원의 HACCP 수행', '학교 팀장 및 예산지원부서의 협력'이 대부분 3.0이상으로 높게 나타났으며, '영양(교)사의 HACCP 수행'은 2.81로 가장 낮았다. 시설 설비 부족 4.00, 교육청의 예산지원 미비 3.90, 납품업체의 HACCP 시스템에 대한 이해부족 3.72 순으로 높은 장애요인으로 인식되었다. 학교급식 HACCP 시스템의 성공적인 적용을 위해서는 영양(교)사 및 조리종사원에 대한 교육, 훈련을 통한 동기부여가 가장 중요하게 해결되어야 할 요소이며, 학교 당국의 행정적 지원과 교육청의 예산 확보를 통한 위생 전담 인력지원도 하루빨리 해결해야 할 요소이다. 또한 표준위생작업절차 등의 선행요건을 개발하여 HACCP 시스템을 보다 효율적으로 적용할 수 있는 기반을 마련하여야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.391-400
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• 2005

Objective : This study examined the socioeconomic differentials for the health and health related behaviors among South Korean middle school students. Methods : A nationwide cross-sectional interview survey of 3,449 middle school second-grade students and their parents was conducted using a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method. The response rate was 93.3%. The socioeconomic position indicators were based on self-reported information from the students and their parents: parental education, father's occupational class, monthly family income, out-of-pocket expenditure for education, housing ownership, educational expectations, educational performance and the perceived economic hardships. The outcome variables that were measured were also based on the self-reported information from the students. The health measures included self-rated health conditions, psychological or mental problems, the feelings of loneliness at school, the overall satisfaction of life and the perceived level of stress. The health related behaviors included were smoking, alcohol drinking, sexual intercourse, violence, bullying and verbal and physical abuse by parents. Results : Socioeconomic differences for the health and health related behaviors were found among the eighth grade boys and girls of South Korea. However, the pattern varied with gender, the socioeconomic position indicators and the outcome measures. The prevalence rates of the overall dissatisfaction with life for both genders differed according to most of the eight socioeconomic position indicators. All the health measures were significantly different according to the perceived economic hardship. However, the socioeconomic differences in the self-rated health conditions and the psychosocial or mental problems were not clear. The students having higher socioeconomic position tended to be a perpetrator of bullying while those students with lower socioeconomic position were more likely to be a victim. Conclusions : The perceived economic hardships predicted the health status among the eighth graders of South Korea. The overall satisfaction of life was associated with the socioeconomic position indicators. Further research efforts are needed to explore the mechanisms on how and why the socioeconomic position affects the health and health related behaviors in this age group.