• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.192-196
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• 2004

In order to measure cellular physiological activity including ion channel activity, protoplasts were isolated from the root tissue of tomato plant. The general methods recommended were not efficient enough to make protoplasts from the root tissue. Among various conditions tested, we found that a two-step treatment of osmosis is very efficient for the isolation of protoplasts. In this procedure, root tissues were preincubated in a solution containing 300 mM sorbitol for 30 min. Then, they moved to the reaction solution containing 700 mM sorbitol as well as cell wall-digesting enzymes. The formation of protoplast was greatly increased by this method. In order to find the optimal condition of the two-step method, various conditions of pH, osmotic pressure, incubation time, and the concentrations of cell wall-digesting enzymes were tested. The yield of protoplast isolation was maximal at pH 5.0 after 2 hr incubation. Mixed enzymes of 3% cellulase, 1 % macerozyme, and 0.1 % pectolyase showed maximal protoplast isolation. The physiological activity of isolated protoplast evaluated by measuring the cellular ATPase activity was as high as that measured from the preparation of root tissue. The protoplasts isolated by this method were remained healthy up to 4 hrs which is enough time to measure the cellular physiological activity. These results show that the two-step treatment of osmotic pressure was successful to obtain high yield of healthy protoplast from tomato root tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1008-1019
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop an appropriate jacket pattern for elderly women over sixty years old, providing a good fit and appearance. Results were as follows: The length of the jacket was made long enough to cover the area 22.0cm below the waistline. The waist back length was made 1.7cm longer than the actual size of the waist back length. The armhole length was made 0.5cm longer than B/4, enhacing the appearance and functionality while allowing freer movement of the arms. As for the front and back interscye breadths, the front interscye breadth was made 1.7cm larger than the actual size while the back interscye breadth was only 1.0cm larger, providing the front interscye breadth more space. The bust breadth was made 10.0cm larger than the bust circumference measure(B/4+2.5cm), the waist breadth was made 6.0cm larger than the waist circumference measure(W/4+1.5cm), The hip breadth was made 12.0cm larger than the him circumference measure(H/4+3.0cm). The sleeve length was made 3.0cm larger than the arm length measure, as the sleeve length of a jacket is usually long enough to cover the ulnar styloid. The sleeve width was made 5.0cm larger than the upper arm circumference measure, as the upper arm circumference measure of the model pattern was too large than necessary, worsening the overall appearance. The sleeve cap height was set at AH/4+4.7cm. The wrist circumference of 27.0cm was set, allowing 2/3 and 1/3 for the large sleeve and small sleeve respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2016

To produce the primary data for best management of soil nutrient in organically practiced soils, 75 leading organic farms whose paddy fields were certified as organic were selected. Soil samples were collected from the paddy fields before plowing, and then analyzed for the determination of physico-chemical properties. Soil pH, organic matter and available phosphate were analyzed and averaged 6.2, $25.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $88.4mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Contrary to the national-scale-surveyed paddy soils including organic and conventional farming, pH was higher, available phosphate was lower in the organically practiced soils, but organic matter was similar. With the increasing cultivation period in organic, soil pH and porosity were also increased, EC, available phosphate, bulk density and soil hardness were lower than those from the national survey. Organic matter, however, was not significantly changed. The bulk density was negatively correlated with the organic matter content for both surface topsoil ($R^2=-0.5424$) and subsoil ($R^2=-0.6429$) (p<0.05). Soil quality is improved in most of soil chemical and physical composition factors excluding organic matter and available phosphate. However, it is necessary to establish the counter measure plan for organic matter management and to develop phosphate-containing materials which can be used as organic agricultural material in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.98-104
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• 2011

To evaluate the physioactivity of Salicornia herbacea L. (SH), which are obtained from Sunchon bay as wild plants, an SH extract was prepared by freeze drying to obtain SH, and by cold drying to obtain SH. For the evaluation of their bioactivities, cell viability and antioxidative effect were measured. The XTT assay was adopted to measure cell viability after C6 glioma cells were treated with various concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) for 8 hours. The DPPH-radical scavenging activity was also measured for the antioxidative effect. In this study, the $XTT_{50}$ value of $H_2O_2$ was determined at $30{\mu}M$ which was highly toxic based on the cytotoxic criteria by Borenfreund and Puerner. The protective effect of SH extract significantly increased cell viability compared with $H_2O_2$-treated group. Its antioxidative effect showed a significant DPPH-radical scavenging activity at concentrations of $1-100{\mu}g/mL$, while SH extract showed highly a DPPH-radical scavenging activity at only $100{\mu}g/mL$. From these results, $H_2O_2$ was highly toxic in cultured C6 glioma cells, and SH extract was effective in the prevention of cell damage by its antioxidative effect.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.3051-3058
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• 2022

In the present work, untreated Iraqi sand with grain sizes varied between 100 and 200 ㎛ was used to produce a colored glass sample that has shielding features against the low gamma-ray energy. Therefore, a weight of 70-60 wt % sand was mixed with 9-14 wt% B₂O₃, 8-10 wt% Na₂O, 4-6 wt% of CaO, 3-6 wt% Al₂O₃, in addition to 0.3% of Co₂O₃. After melting and annealing the glass sample, the X-ray diffraction spectrometry was applied to affirm the amorphous phase of the fabricated glass samples. Moreover, the X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry was used to measure the chemical composition, and the MH-300A densimeter was applied to measure the fabricated sample's density. The Makishima-Makinzie model was applied to predict the mechanical properties of the fabricated glass. Besides, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the fabricated glass sample's radiation shielding capacity in the low-energy region between 22.1 and 160.6 keV. Therefore, the simulated linear attenuation coefficient changed between 10.725 and 0.484 cm^-1, raising the gamma-ray energy between 22.1 and 160.6 keV. Also, other shielding parameters such as a half-value layer, pure lead equivalent thickness, and buildup factors were calculated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.402-407
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• 2014

In this study, Italy poplar(Populus euramericana) was selected for test specimen to measure cutting power when it harvested. The experiment has been controlled as three levels of feed rate (0.41, 1.25 and 2.5 m/s), sawing speed (800, 1,000 and 1,200 rpm), and the five levels of root collar diameter (50, 70, 90 and 110, 130 mm). The harvested volume after 3 years (root collar diameter 50 mm) was 10.5 tons, which falls short of the target amount of biomass is 20~30 ton/ha. In addition, the biomass amount of diameter 90 and 110 mm which reached the target amount were estimated to be 23.5 and 32.5 ton/ha respectively. As a result of experiment, it was found out that power of 128.2 and 175.8 W are consumed in case of cutting with the feed rate of 0.41m/s and minimum sawing speed (800 rpm) respectively. With the working area of 0.3 ha/h, it is considered to present working capacities of 16.5 and 22.8 ton/h respectively. The power consumed at the feed rate of 1.25 m/s is estimated to be 113.8 and 153.7W respectively and working capacity in a working area of 1 ha/h is estimated to be 23.5 and 32.5 ton/h. The power consumed at the feed rate of 2.5 m/s is estimated to be 119.8 and 166.9 W respectively and working capacity in a working area of 2 ha/h is estimated to be 47.0 and 65.5 ton/ha respectively. Therefore, the power source of harvest machine at the feed rate of 1.25, 2.50 m/s and sawing speed of 800 rpm shall be selected as it can process the target amount of estimated biomass.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.61.2-61.2
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• 2017

We report a fine scale transient brightening event near a pore boundary with the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS) of the 1.6m Goode Solar Telescope (GST), the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) aboard SDO. The event appears in all AIA extreme ultraviolet bands, also in the two FISS lines, $H{\alpha}$ and Ca II $8542{\AA}$, and lasted for a minute. The brightening occurred at a footpoint of a loop. The conjugate brightening occurred at the other foot point outside the FISS field of view. The brightening near the pore exhibit a redshift of 4.3 km s-1 in the $H{\alpha}$ and about 2.3 km s-1 in Ca II line. Differential emission measure derived from 6 AIA EUV passbands and cloud model fitting of the two FISS lines indicate the temperature increase of between 10,000 and 20 MK at the main event. After the brightening, the upward mass motion appears in the AIA images. We discuss the physical implication of this brightening in the context of magnetic reconnection and coronal heating.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2022

Purpose: Natural medicinal plant extracts have recently attracted attention as health beneficial foods and potential therapeutic agents for prevention of various diseases. This study was undertaken to measure the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol-water fraction obtained from the above-ground portion of Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora, a wild-growing plant in Korea. The final fraction used in this study was the H₂O-EtOH (40:60) fraction (SP60), which had the highest antioxidant activity, as determined in previous studies. Methods: The amounts of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β production were measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells exposed to SP60. Western blot was performed to measure the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Results: SP60 exerted no cytotoxicity up to concentrations of 125 ㎍/mL. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, were significantly decreased in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells exposed to SP60. In addition, the expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, and phosphorylated p65 showed a concentration-dependent decrease subsequent to SP60 treatment. These results indicate that SP60 inhibits the LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS, and COX-2, by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, which is responsible for the expression of inflammatory mediators. Conclusion: The results presented in this study indicate that the H₂O-EtOH (40:60) fraction (SP60) extracted from the above-ground portion of Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora has the potential to be developed as a medicine or healthcare food and functional material possessing anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is necessary to first confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of SP60 in in vivo models.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2018

This study investigated the long-term durability of catalyst(Pd or Fe)-infiltrated solid oxide cells for $CO_2$/steam co-electrolysis. Fuel-electrode supported solid oxide cells with dimensions of $5{\times}5cm^2$ were fabricated, and palladium or iron was subsequently introduced via wet infiltration (as a form of PdO or FeO solution). The metallic catalysts were employed in the fuel-electrode to promote $CO_2$ reduction via reverse water gas shift reactions. The metal-precursor particles were well-dispersed on the fuel-electrode substrate, which formed a bimetallic alloy with Ni embedded on the substrate during high-temperature reduction processes. These planar cells were tested using a mixture of $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ to measure the electrochemical and gas-production stabilities during 350 h of co-electrolysis operations. The results confirmed that compared to the Fe-infiltrated cell, the Pd-infiltrated cell had higher stabilities for both electrochemical reactions and gas-production given its resistance to carbon deposition.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.385-394
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• 1994

Data of the body surface is a necessary unit for the measuring of metabolism energy and activity energy. And also, these data are referring to check the degree of retaining warmth of clothes, to find the effect of heat insulation according to body surface, to calculate an average temperature of skin, and to study the several fields of clothing. In measuring of body surface, it si actually impossible to measure a subject's body surface in each experiment. As the experimental method, both gypsum method, by which the shape of body an be copied as it is, and the weighting method from which planed body surface area can be measured with consistent thickness of polyprophylene film as used. In fact, every female subject feels uncomfortable to measure her body surface as a naked body. There, it is providing a simple, accurate regressive equation with weight & height as variable factors in this study. This equation is as=117.02W+77.31H-3344.94 with average error : 0.1%, absolute average error : 2.07%.