• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.98-115
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• 2008

조선(朝鮮)시대 관상감(觀象監) 천문(天文), 지리(地理), 역수(曆數), 점산(占算), 측후(測候)등의 업무를 관장했던 왕립기관이었다. 그 왕립기관은 학문에 따라 천문학(天文學), 지리학(地理學), 그리고 명과학(命課學) 세 개의 부서로 이루어져 있었으며, 그 중 천문학 부서는 오늘날 지구과학의 학문 분야들과도 일맥상통하는 업무들을 수행했었다. 본 논문에서는 천문학 부서를 중심으로 관상감의 직제와 시험제도에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 관상감은 조선시대 왕립기관들 중의 하나였기 때문에 직제, 기능, 그리고 과거시험(科擧試驗)에 관한 규정들은 그 시대에 발간된 법전들에 법으로 명시되어있다. 따라서 조선시대의 법전들, 관서지들, 그리고 실록(實錄)의 기록들에 대한 연구로부터, 먼저 우리는 관상감은 인원수의 규모면에서 기존에 알려져 있던 것 보다 더 큰 규모임을 알았다. 왜냐하면 관상감 인원의 추정에 대한 선행 연구들에 있어서는 서리(胥吏), 관노비, 장인(匠人)등과 같은 하급계층들은 무시되었기 때문이다. 또한 우리는 관상감 관원이 되기 위한 과거시험에 사용된 천문학 교재에 대한 연구도 수행하였다. 내용에 있어서의 부족함에도 불구하고, 이러한 시도는 과거시험에 사용된 천문학 교재들에 대한 체계적인 첫 번째 연구이다. 마지막으로, 관상감을 포함한 당시 예전(禮典)에 속했던 기관들의 과거시험에 적용되었던 몇 가지 시험 규정들에 대해서도 간략히 살펴보았다.

• 천문학논총
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.789-800
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• 2015

During the Joseon dynasty, the Gwansanggam (觀象監, The Royal Astronomical Observatory) was the royal administration in charge of Astronomy (天文), Geography (地理), Calendars (曆), Astronomical and meteorological observation (測候), and Timekeeping (刻漏). Of those affairs, the Astronomical Almanac compilation was most important. In this paper, we study the education and selection of astronomical officials in the 19th century during the Joseon dynasty, focusing on Astronomical Almanac officials. According to this study, their main area was calendar calculation, and they were involved in Astronomical Almanac compilation for nearly 40 years, until they resigned. In addition, they served as Samryeok-susulgwan (三曆修述官, Official for calendar calculation by the $Sh{\acute{i}}xi{\grave{a}}n$ calendar), and Ilgwa-gamingwan (日課監印官, Official printing supervisor). To undertake these core duties, an official had to pass several examinations and courses. The Gwansanggam (after Gwansangso) carried out the educational function for the officials. In particular, reserved officials of the astronomy division had to be educated starting with a trainee course.

• 천문학논총
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.801-810
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• 2015

The royal astronomical observatory compiled the Astronomical Almanac during the Joseon dynasty, though there were some changes of its organization. However, the observatory underwent sudden changes in the late period mainly due to the influence of historical events such as the Gabo (甲午) and The Eulmi (乙未) Reforms in 1894 and 1895, respectively, and the Japanese invasion in 1910. In this paper, we study the changes of the compilation institution of the Korean Astronomical Almanac and of its organization for the period of 1894 to 1912. During this period, the name of the observatory had been changed several times, from Gwansanggam (觀象監) to Gwansangguk (觀象局) in 1894 and to Gwansangso (觀象所) in 1895. In addition, the affair of the Astronomical Almanac compilation was transferred to the Editorial Bureau [編輯局] of the Ministry of Education [學部] and to the Editing Department [編輯課] of the Governor-General of Korea [朝鮮總督府]. In 1907, the Gwansangso was abolished. Moreover, the affair of timekeeping was separated and the official number of personnel was reduced to less than 5% compared to that of Gwansanggam. Consequently, the royal astronomical observatory was significantly reduced in terms of its functions and the organization through the process of those changes. Therefore, we believe that this period is important when seeking to understand the transition between the traditional Astronomical Almanac of the Joseon dynasty and its modern astronomical counterpart of the present day.

• 천문학논총
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

Song I-Yeong (1619 ~ 1692), who was an astronomy professor of Gwansanggam (觀象監, Bureau of Astronomy), created the Honcheonsigye (渾天時計, Armillary Clock) in 1669 (10th year of King Hyeonjong Era). Honcheonsigye was a unique astronomical clock which combined an armillary sphere, the traditional astronomical instrument of the Far East, with the power mechanism of western alarm clock. The clock part of this armillary clock is composed of two major parts which are the going-train, power unit used the weight, and the time signal system in a wooden case. The time signal system is composed of four parts which are the time-annunciator, the striking train, the 12 different time-announcing medallions and the sound bell. This clock has been neglected for many years and its several components have been lost. This study is to understand the structure of time signal system and suggests the restoration process.

• 대기
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.455-469
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• 2011

The Chugudae is a pedestal for the Chugugi. While many Chugudae were made during the Joseon Dynasty period, seven remained in existence until the early 20th century. Only five of them remain to this day-Gwansanggam (Royal Office of Astronomy and Meteorology), the Seonhwadang in Daegu, the Changdeok Palace, Tongyeong, and Yeongyeongdang. The Changdeok Palace Chugudae is the only existing model made not only as a meteorological instrument but also as a memorial statue. It has been a challenge to decipher 41 of the 368 characters in 'Chugugi-myeong (The title of the inscriptions on the Changdeok Palace Chugudae)' as these had been eroded. However, the interpretation of the full text of 'Chugugi-myeong' became possible thanks to the "Cheoljae Jinjeok (澈齋眞蹟)" which was discovered through this study. The key sentences of the 'Chugugi-myeong' include the reason for creation, the size and functions of the Chugugi and a eulogy to the reigns of King Sejong, Youngjo and Jeongjo. Moreover, its splendid design is worthy of further study. To conclude its true meaning and value, the Changdeok Palace Chugudae requires a more extensive investigation from the viewpoint of an art history.

• 천문학논총
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2012

The Ganui (簡儀, simplified armillary sphere) is a representative of astronomical instruments in Joseon Dynasty of Korea, as well as Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty of China. In early 15th century, Joseon's scientists and engineers uniquely developed the Soganui (小簡儀, small simplified armillary sphere) and the Ilseongjeongsiui (日星定時儀, sun-and-star time determining instrument) from the structural characteristic of Ganui. These two astronomical instruments had a new design by the miniaturization and felt convinced a similar performance of Ganui in the harmony with Korean Astronomy and Astrology Cultures. Since mid-18th century after the enforcement of shixian-li (時憲曆), the Soganui and Ilseongjeongsiui handed over the Jeokdogyeongwiui (赤道經緯儀, equatorial armilla) by a change of the observational framework such as the time and angle measures. The Jeokdogyeongwiui made by Gwansanggam (觀象監, Bureau of Astronomy in Joseon Dynasty) adopted the new observational framework. We studied the structural characteristics and scientific values of these 3 astronomical instruments with theirs observation methods.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.244-257
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• 2020

국보 제331호 창덕궁 이문원 측우대는 제작 연대를 알 수 있어 문화유산으로서 가치가 높다. 그러나 국가지정 측우대에 대한 과학적 조사는 부족한 실정이며, 보다 정밀한 분석과 보존과학적 고찰이 요구된다. 따라서 문화재의 특성을 고려하여 정밀 육안 관찰을 통한 암석기재적 특징 조사, 휴대용 X-선 형광 분석, 전암대자율, 감마스펙트로미터 등의 비파괴 분석을 수행하였다. 창덕궁 이문원 측우대의 암석기재적 특징 분석 결과, 대리암으로 동정되었다. P-XRF 분석 결과를 GSJ Reference Samples(JLs-1, JDo-1)의 측정값과 비교한 결과, 백운암질 대리암으로 판단된다. 국가지정 측우대(국보 제330호 대구 경상감영 측우대, 보물 제843호 관상감 측우대, 보물 제1652호 통영 측우대)에 대하여 동일한 방법으로 분석한 결과, 대구 경상감영 측우대는 반화강암, 관상감 측우대는 중립-조립질 담홍색 흑운모화강암으로 동정되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 창덕궁 이문원 측우대의 구성 암석이 유일하게 대리암으로 제작되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 선행 연구 사례를 참고할 때, 경복궁 근정전 품계석 중 동반의 정1품 품계석, 서울 원각사지 십층석탑, 복각천상열차분야지도 각석의 구성 암석은 창덕궁 이문원 측우대와 동일한 재질인 백운암질 대리암으로 확인된다. 조선시대에는 신분에 따라 사용할 수 있는 재료가 구분되므로, 대리암은 시대적인 배경에서 신분적인 특수성을 가지는 재질로 해석된다. 또한 왕실에 의해 제작된 대리암 문화재들이 백운암질 대리암과 연관되는 경향을 고려할 때 특정 암종을 선택적으로 수급하였을 가능성에 대한 심화 연구가 필요하다.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.367-380
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• 2017

The life and astronomical activity of Lee Deok-Seong (李德星, 1720-1794) was studied using various historical sources, including the astronomical almanac, Seungjeongwon-Ilgi (Daily records of Royal Secretariat of Joseon dynasty), and the Gwansang-Gam's logbooks during Joseon dynasty (A.D. 1392-1910). We present the results of the study including the following main findings. First, from the investigation of Lee's family tree, we find that a number of his relatives were also astronomers, notably Samryeok-Gwan (三曆官, the post of calendrical calculation). Second, we find that he took part in the compilation of an annual astronomical almanac over a period of at least 16 years. His major achievements in the astronomy of the Joseon dynasty were to establish a new method of calendar-making calculation and to bring astronomical materials to the Joseon court through a visit to China. The Joseon dynasty enforced the Shixianli (時憲曆, a Chinese calendar made by Adam Shall) in 1654 without fully understanding the calendar. So an astronomer and an envoy were dispatched to China in order to master the intricacies of the calendar and to learn as much of Western science as was available in that time and place. Lee Deok-Seong worked at the Gwansang-Gam (觀象監, Royal Astronomical Bureau) during the reigns of King Yeongjo (英祖) and Jeongjo (正祖). As best as we can ascertain in relation with the calculations in the Shixian calendar, Lee visited China four times. During his trips and interactions, he learned a new method for calendar-making calculations, and introduced many Western-Chinese astronomical books to Joseon academia. Lee greatly improved the accuracy of calendrical calculations, even while simplifying the calculation process. With these achievements, he finally was promoted to the title of Sungrok-Daebu (崇祿大夫), the third highest grade of royal official. In conclusion, history demonstrates that Lee Deok-Seong was one of the most outstanding astronomers in the late-Joseon dynasty.