• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1483-1490
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• 2023

We analyzed the potential for joint utilization of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite imagery Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in crop assessment, considering the aging of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellites. Over 11 years from 2012 to 2022, we examined the characteristics of NDVI changes in corn and soybean cultivation areas in Illinois, USA. VIIRS and MODIS satellite imagery NDVI exhibited a high correlation coefficient of over 0.98. However, during periods of rapid crop growth or decline, VIIRS NDVI showed values approximately 0.12 to 0.14 higher than MODIS. Estimating crop anomaly classes based on NDVI, we observed similar trends in corn and soybean crop anomaly classes in 2018 and 2019. However, in 2022, there appeared to be a significant divergence in crop anomaly classes, suggesting the need for further investigation. The correlation coefficients between MODIS and VIIRS satellite imagery NDVI and corn and soybean yields were consistently high, exceeding 0.8, indicating the potential for quantity estimation using both MODIS and VIIRS satellite imagery. Specifically, for VIIRS NDVI, excluding the increasing trend in crop quantity estimation for soybeans enhanced the correlation, and compared to MODIS, it showed a consistently high correlation with quantity from approximately 16 days earlier, indicating the potential for early estimation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2023

In order to extend shelf life for rockfish fillets by modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), different package atmospheres were compared in the product quality preservation. Firstly, CO₂ solubility was measured at 0, 5, 10, and 15℃ to be incorporated into the mathematical model to predict the volume and CO₂ concentration of the package at expected storage temperature. The CO₂ solubility given in Henry's constant decreased with temperature to be fitted with a linear equation. Then air packaging as control and four MAP conditions of 100 g fillets were prepared and stored for duration of 5 days at 10℃ to compare them in the quality preservation effect. Four MAP conditions employed were CO₂(60):O₂(30):N₂(10), CO₂(60):O₂(0):N₂(40), CO₂(30):O₂(30):N₂(40) andCO₂(30):O₂(0):N₂(70). MAP conditions with high CO₂ concentration inhibited total aerobic bacteria, and the conditions containing O₂ led to low TVB-N. MAP of CO₂(60):O₂(30):N₂(10) was found to be the best condition for rockfish fillet preservation considering total aerobic bacteria growth and nitrogenous volatiles production.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2008

Generally, steel corrosion occurs in concrete structures due to carbonation in down-town area and underground site and it propagates to degradation of structural performance. In general diagnosis and inspection, only carbonation depth in sound concrete is evaluated but unsound concrete such as joint and cracked area may occur easily in a concrete member due to construction process. In this study, field survey of carbonation for RC columns in down-town area is performed and carbonation depth in joint and cracked concrete including sound area is measured. Probability of durable failure with time is calculated through probability variables such as concrete cover depth and carbonation depth which are obtained from field survey. In addition, service life of the structures is predicted based on the intended probability of durable failure in domestic concrete specification. It is evaluated that in a RC column, various service life is predicted due to local condition and it is rapidly decreased with insufficient cover depth and growth of crack width. It is also evaluated that obtaining cover depth and quality of concrete is very important because the probability of durable failure is closely related with C.O.V. of cover depth.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2024

For efficient soil water management in open fields, the proper use of soil moisture sensors is a prerequisite. Particularly in open-field environments like orchards with extensive root systems, the appropriate positioning of sensors is very important. The present study was conducted to identify the optimal placement of soil moisture sensors by assessing changes in soil water potential across various positions within orchard field soils after installing tensiometers. In apple and Asian pear orchards located in two regions of Korea, nine soil water potential sensors (TEROS 21, METER Group) were installed at distances of 20, 40, and 60 cm from the tree trunk and depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm from the soil surface, and monitored the soil water potential changes over two years. Results indicated that the positions closer to the tree trunk and the soil surface exhibited more pronounced changes in soil water potential. The greatest magnitude of change in soil water potential was observed at a distance of 20 cm and a depth of 10 cm, suggesting this position as the most suitable for soil moisture sensor installation. However, variations in the degree and pattern of changes in soil water potential were noted across sensor positions due to root system growth over time. Therefore, periodic observation and adjustments in sensor placement would be advisable to accurately monitor the soil moisture condition in long-term crops such as fruit trees in open fields.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2008

This study estimated the genetic parameters and breeding values for the growth-related traits of the 1st generation produced in 2005. The heritability of body weight, total length, body height, body shape and condition factor of 180 days old olive flounders Paralichthys olivaceus, the 1st generation of selection, was estimated as 0.564, 0.590, 0.588, 0.306 and 0.332, respectively. And reproductivity of genetic evaluation for crossing superior flounders and inferior ones was tested using the subsequent generation produced in 2006 based on the breeding values of 1st generation. In the least-squares means of body weight and total length for each group of crossing, the values of crossing group between superior flounders ($S{\times}S$) showed $145.6{\pm}1.8\;g$ and $22.4{\pm}0.1\;cm$, respectively. The values of crossing group between superior and inferior flounders ($S{\times}I$) showed $133.2{\pm}2.5\;g$ and $22.1{\pm}0.1\;cm$, respectively. The values of crossing group between inferior flounders ($I{\times}I$) showed $114.0{\pm}2.1\;g$ and $21.08{\pm}0.12\;cm$, respectively. In the results, flounders are determined as appropriate selective breeding fish with the high heritability of flounders in early ages at 180 days old, and the reproductivity of genetic evaluation was also high.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of irrigation methods for reducing a drainage on the growth and yield in rockwool (Grodan co.) and cocopeat (chip : dust = 50 : 50 included fiber) culture. The nutrient solution was irrigated by $100J{\cdot}cm^{-2}$-100 mL, $50J{\cdot}cm^{-2}$-45 mL, $50J{\cdot}cm^{-2}$-40 mL, $50J{\cdot}cm^{-2}$-35 mL ($100{\sim}50J{\cdot}cm^{-2}$-100~35 mL, Nutrient solution 100~35 mL was irrigated per plant when the accumulated radiation was $100{\sim}50J{\cdot}cm^{-2}$). The drain rates per plant of 100-100, 50-45, 50-40, 50-35 were 26.3%, 8.8%, 6% 4.4% and 23.1%, 7.5%, 5% 3.4% in rockwool and cocopeat slabs. The water contents and EC of 100-100 and 50-45 were managed by the 55~70%, $3.0{\sim}5.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ which were good condition for paprika culture in rockwool and cocopeat slabs, while those of 50-40 and 50-35 were managed by beyond 50%, $4.5{\sim}9.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The plant height, number of branches and leaf size of 100-100 and 50-45 were similarly increased while those of 50-40 and 50-35 were decreased. The fruit size and weight of 50-40 and 50-35 were small and light, while those of 100-100 and 50-45 were similarly big and heavy. The marketable fruits of 100-100 and 50-45 treatments were similarly more by 9.7~9.8 in rockwool and 8.8~8.9 in cocopeat, while the unmarketable fruits, the small and blossom end rot fruits were increased in 50-40 and 50-35 treatments. The yield of 100-100 and 50-45 treatments were similarly high.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.49-70
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study is to observe the skin-regeneration, anti-wrinkle, whitening and skin moisturizing effects of Cheongsangbangpung-tang (CSBPT) with cytotoxicity. Methods: In the present study, cytotoxicity of CSBPT lyophilized aqueous extracts (yield=18.71%) was experimented against human normal fibroblast cells and B16F10 murine melanoma cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, and skin regeneration and anti-wrinkle effects were also showed through the assay of collagen type I synthesis by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit as comparing with transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$, hyaluronidase, collagenase and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 inhibitory assays as comparing with oleanolic acid (OA), and elastase inhibitory effects as comparing with phosphoramidon disodium salt (PP). In addition, whitening effects of CSBPT were observed by tyrosinase inhibitory assay and melanin formation test in B16/F10 melanoma cells as comparing with arbutin, and skin moisturizing effects were measured through mouse skin water contents test, respectively. Results: No CSBPT treatment related cytotoxic effects were demonstrated against human normal fibroblast cells and B16/F10 murine melanoma cells. CSBPT concentration-dependent increased collagen type I synthesis at human normal fibroblast cells. It also effectively suspreessed hyaluronidase, collagenase, elastase and MMP-1 activities, which were enzymes that related to declining of ECM and formation of wrinkle. CSBPT supressed B16/F10 melanoma cells's melanin productions with tyrosinase activity, which was an enzyme connected with melanin formation, and dose-dependent and significant increases of skin water contents were detected in CSBPT treated mouse skin as compared with vehicle control skins. Conclusions: CSBPT showed favorable and enough skin regeneration, anti-wrinkle, whitening and skin moisturizing effects at least in a condition of this experiment. However, more detail mechanism and in vivo skin protective efficacy studies should be conducted in future with the screening of the biological active compounds in individual herbs of Cheongsangbangpung-tang.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 1973

Eeffect of temperature (3-day or 7-day treatment under $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$) on chlorophyll, nitrogen and potassium content in the second leaf blade from top of IR667 line (Suwon 213 and 214) and leading local varieties (Jinheung and Paldal) was investigated at the end of nursery, maximum tillering and flowering stage using phytotron. 1. Chlorophyll content was higher in IR667 line than in the local at $25^{\circ}C$ but reversed at $20^{\circ}C$ or $15^{\circ}C$ and chlorophyll a/b value was always high in the local. 2. Chlorophyll content per fresh weight decreased with growth and low temperature effect was greater at the end of nursery and on chlorophyll a than on chlorophyll b. 3. Chlorophyll a/b value increases with the increase of chlorophyll content and the increasing rate of chl. a/b value per chlorophyll increment tends to decrease under unfavorable condition. This decrease is greater in low temperature sensitive IR667 than local varieties. 4. According to chlorophyll retention value IR667 line was weaker at low temperature. 5. The content of total nitrogen or soluble nitrogen (methanol soluble) was decreased by low temperature. 6. Chl. (a+b)/S-N value decreased with growth and seemed not to be greatly affected by temperature and always higher in the local. 7. Potassium content (total or methanol soluble) tends to decrease at low temperature and soluble K increased with chlorophyll content. 8. High yielding ability of IR667 seems to be attributable to its high chlorophyll content at high temperature and easy leaf discoloration by low temperature or by nitrogen depression of IR667 seems to be attributable to the low Chl./S-N value.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.814-820
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• 2014

In this work, hydrate inhibition performance of water-soluble polymers including pyrrolidone, caprolactam, acrylamide types were evaluated using torque measurement and high pressure differential scanning calorimeter (HP ${\mu}$-DSC). The obtained experimental results suggest that the studied polymers represent the kinetic hydrate inhibition (KHI) performance. 0.5 wt% polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap) solution shows the hydrate onset time of 34.4 min and subcooling temperature of 15.9 K, which is better KHI performance than that of pure water - hydrate onset time of 12.3 min and subcooling temperature of 6.0 K. 0.5 wt% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution shows the hydrate onset time of 27.6 min and the subcooling temperature of 13.2 K while polyacrylamide-co-acrylic acid partial sodium salt (PAM-co-AA) solution shows less KHI performance than PVP solution at both 0.5 and 5.0 wt%. However, PAM-co-AA solution shows slow growth rate and low hydrate amount than PVCap. In addition to hydrate onset and growth condition, torque change with time was investigated as one of KHI evaluation methods. 0.5 wt% PVCap solution shows the lowest average torque of 6.4 N cm and 0.5 wt% PAM-co-AA solution shows the average torque of 7.2 N cm. For 0.5 wt% PVP solution, it increases 11.5 N cm and 5.0 wt% PAM-co-AA solution shows the maximum average torque of 13.4 N cm, which is similar to the average torque of pure water, 15.2 N cm. Judging from the experimental results obtained by both an autoclave and a HP ${\mu}$-DSC, the PVCap solution shows the best performance among the KHIs in terms of delaying hydrate nucleation. From these results, it can be concluded that the torque change with time is useful to identify the flow ability of tested solution, and the further research on the inhibition of hydrate formation can be approached in various aspects using a HP ${\mu}$-DSC.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.263-271
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• 2015

Commercial AR(Alkali Resistant)-glass fiber has a good chemical resistant property, but also has a problem of difficulty in fiberizing process because of high viscosity in melted glass compare with E-glass fiber which is the most widely used for reinforced fiber of composite materials. In this study, we fabricated AR-glass fiber with low zirconia contents compare with commercial AR-glass fiber relatively, and measured properties against E-glass fiber. We obtained transparent clear glass with zirconia contents of 0.5~16 wt% by melting at $1600^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. These AR-glass samples had high visible transmittance of 89~90 %, softening temperature of $703{\sim}887^{\circ}C$. And softening temperatures of them were increased according to the increasing zirconia contents. Compare with E-glass, AR-glass contains 4 wt% zirconia has different value of $-94^{\circ}C$ in softening temperature, $+68^{\circ}C$ at Log3 temperature and $-13^{\circ}C$ at Log5 temperature in viscosity. We could verify good alkali resistant property of the AR-glass fiber with SEM after dipping in alkali solution for 48~72 hours, and also high tensile strength, 1.7 times compare with E-glass fiber at 48 hours and 2.2 times at 72 hours. We conclude that this AR-glass fiber can be widely used as general alkali resistant glass fiber because of easy manufacturing condition and good properties even though it has low zirconia contents.