• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.95-109
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• 2002

This study investigated if and how work-family conflict and sex-role identity influence married female teachers' job involvement. The results of this study follow. First, married female teachers in the high work-family conflict group showed lower job involvement than that of those in the low work-family conflict group. The mean difference of job involvement between the high and low work-family conflict groups was not statistically significant. Second, the married female teachers with an Androgynous sex-role identity showed higher job involvement than those with a Feminine sex-role identity. Finally, the job involvement of Androgynous married female teachers was damaged less under high work-family conflict situations than that of Feminine married female teachers. These results imply that to increase married female teachers' job involvement, the improvement of physical/environmental conditions and psychological changes for women are necessary.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to develop and test a maternal role strengthening program based on home care nursing. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed. Changes in the variables(maternal identity and confidence of maternal role) were evaluated to test the effects of the developed program. Participants were first-time mothers receiving home care nursing from S Medical Center following normal spontaneous vaginal delivery(experimental group 29; control group 29). Data collection was conducted from December 2008 to February 2009. $X^2$-test, Fisher's exact test and t-test were used to analyse the data. Results: Hypothesis 1, that the experimental group receiving this program would experience a stronger maternal identity than the control group, was supported(t=-7.990, p=<.001). Hypothesis 2, that the experimental group would have higher confidence in their maternal role than the control group, was also supported(t=-10.109, p=<.001). Conclusion: The maternal role strengthening program based on home care nursing developed in this study was found to be an effective means of improving maternal identity and confidence of maternal role. As these traits are developed once the baby is born, active nursing programs which provide continuous training and demonstrations to mothers are needed prior to hospitalization and following hospital discharge.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.125-140
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to analyze e-commerce sites of luxury fashion brands in order to provide insights on how to enhance online site quality. For the research, forty-eight components of thirty-one luxury fashion brands' e-commerce sites were investigated during October 2013. For the analysis of clustering e-commerce site components and segmenting e-commerce sites of luxury brands, a hierarchical cluster analysis was applied through using the Ward's method and squared Euclidian distance for binary data. Further, Fisher's exact test was applied in order to distinguish three groups of characteristics in the luxury e-commerce sites. These analyses were carried out by SPSS 21. The result indicated that the components of e-commerce sites were grouped into three categories: basic elements, additional elements and elements of building brand identity. These components were categorized by whether their functions were basic and essential or additional and advanced. The other norm of categorization was related to brand identity. Furthermore, the luxury brands' e-commerce sites were segmented into three groups: a group of endeavoring to promote goods, a group of undistinguished performance, and a group of endeavoring to intensify brand identity. In this segmentation, brand identity or promotional aspects were decisive. Overall, luxury brands were trying to convey their traditional strength through their e-commerce sites. In order to achieve this purpose, brand identity or promotional aspects played an important role.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2012

We develop an identity choice model within the context of a stereotyping-cum-signaling framework. The model allows us to explore implications of the fact that, when individuals can choose identity, then the distribution of abilities within distinct identity groups becomes endogenous. This is significant because, when identity is exogenous and if the ability distributions within groups are the same, then inequality of group reputations in equilibrium can only arise if there is a positive feedback between group reputation and individual human capital investment activities (Arrow, 1973; Coate and Loury, 1993). Here we show that when group membership is endogenous then the logic of individuals' identity choices leads there to be a positive selection of higher ability individuals into the group with a better reputation. This happens because those for whom human-capital-investment is less costly are also those who stand to gain more from joining the favored group. As a result, ability distributions within distinct groups can endogenously diverge, reinforcing incentive-feedbacks. We develop the theoretical framework that can examine the positive selection and the endogenous group formation. The model implies that inequality deriving from stereotyping of endogenously constructed social groups is at least as great as the inequality that can emerge between exogenously given groups.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.233-246
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a MBTI based self growth program had any effect on improving the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of nursing students. Method: The subjects in this study were 56 juniors who were majoring in nursing science at H and S college in Chungnam province. At each college, an experimental group and a control group were organized with 26 and 30 students respectively, and the data were gathered at H college from April 6 through May 14, 2004, and at S college from May 31 through July 3, 2004. A MBTI based self growth program was conducted 10 times for five weeks, twice a week and for 120 minutes each. And the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of the selected students were measured and compared to see if that program has any effect on above variables. For data handling, SAS 8.0 program was employed. Fisher's exact test and unpaired t-test were used to confirm whether or not the experimental and control groups were equivalent. Before the experiment, their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment were tested by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple comparison in consideration of their general characteristics, and paired t-test and ANCOVA were utilized to see if that program brought any changes to their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustments. Result: The findings of the study were as follows; After the MBTI based self growth program was applied, the experimental groups made a significant progress in ego identity than the control groups. And the experimental groups underwent a significantly change in ego identity after the experiment, compared to the control groups. The experimental groups showed a significant improvement in self efficacy than the control group, and the experimental groups showed significant change in self efficacy than the control groups after the experiment. The experimental group showed a significant progress in interpersonal relations ability than the control group did, and the former groups underwent significant change in that regard than the control groups after the experiment. There was no difference in adjustment between the experimental and control groups. The experimental groups showed significant change in adjustment than the control groups after the experiment, but the difference was insignificant. After this program was implemented, the students underwent changes in self understanding, self accepting, understanding others and accepting others. They also had more confidence and more positive self images, and they were better able to tide over difficulties with others. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the MBTI based self growth program might serve to enhance the ego identity, self efficacy and interpersonal relations ability of the nursing students and brought inner changes to them. Therefore, the MBTI based self growth program was expected to make a great contribution to the character building of nurses.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-112
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• 2019

To investigate the interplay between individual and collective self-regulations, the authors propose a dialectic process that describes the changes in the locus of self-regulations between individual self and collective self. The results from three studies display a strong support for the two sets of hypotheses drawn from the proposed process. Our findings demonstrate that consumers can move the locus of self-regulation from individual-self to collective-self when a social identity is activated (preliminary study and study1). Further examination of regulatory swing between individual and collective regulatory orientations revealed group identification as a key variable in determining the locus of self-regulation (study2). While a consumer with a high level of group identification changes her locus of self-regulation from an individual to a collective (a regulatory shift) and evaluated messages and products framed consistent with their group orientation, a consumer with low level of group identification maintains her locus of self-regulation in her personal level of self (a regulatory preservation) and evaluated messages and products framed consistent with their personal regulatory focus.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to research the differences between gender roles and creativity. This study was done based on 178 pre-service teachers who were from the Department of Early Childhood Education in Universities around the Busan area. The researchers have collected statistical data by questioning pre-service teachers about creative thinking tests, creative personality tests, and gender role identification awareness tests. The data was interpreted by the Paerson's Simple Product-moment Correlation Coefficient method, the one-way ANOVA method, and the $Sch\acute{e}ffe$ Post-hoc comparison method. According to this study, the group perceived of high androgyny type group showed the highest level in important factors of creative thinking, such as fluency, elaborateness, ness, and openness. This result meant that the more a pre-service teacher was aware of the identity of gender roles, the more she or he thought creatively. Additionally, the acceptance of authority, an element of the creative personality factor, showed the highest level in a high feminity type group. On the other hand, self confidence, inquisitiveness, and disciplined imagination showed the highest level in a group which perceived the identity of androgyny type roles.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to analyze high school girls’sex role identity and underwear purchasing behaviors, and to provide the educational guidelines for high school girls as a underwear comsumer and the fundamental data necessary for the products planning of underwear manufacturing companies. The questionnaire was composed of questions about the types of sex role identity, pursuit factors and purchasing behaviors of underwear. The respondents were girls from 6 high schools in cities in Chonbuk Province. The questionnaires were collected from April 6th to May 12th in 1998. 510 questionnaires were used for data analysis. Frequency, percent, average, standard deviation, F-test, $$\chi$^2$-test, and Duncan’s multiple range test were followed. The results of this study were as follows：1. Among the sex role identity groups, the androgynous group was the largest, and the masculine group was the smallest among high school girls. 2. High school girls sought after practicality most when purchasing underwears, but sought after the brand least. The androgynous group recognized practicality, aesthetics, and sexual attraction most, but the undifferentiated group recognized them least. 3. The high school girls bought underwears objectively when they were worn out, made use of TV, newspaper, and radio advertisements as the information sources, and considered the size, comfort, and style. They recognized the prices of underwears as moderate. They depended on their mother most when purchasing underwears and reflected their dependents opinion on selecting underwears partially. They purchased at the underwear specialty store.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.164-176
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• 2013

The study aims to find differences in clothing image preferences according to gender-roleidentity. The questionnaire developed by the researchers was distributed to 533 men and women who aged between 20 and 59. Fourhundred eight questionnaires were used for the final analysis. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, and Tukey's test using SPSS 18.0/Windows. As results, both male and female participant groups of the study were classified into 4 groups according to their gender-role identity: masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and the undifferentiated. For men, the masculinity group showed a higher preference for flamboyant, sexy, expressive, cold, mature, hard, strong, weighty, heavy, sharp images, while the femininity group showed a stronger preference for flamboyant, bold, luxurious clothing images. The male androgyny group preferred masculine, sexy, cold, mature, hard, strong, weighty, luxurious, heavy, artificial images, whereas the undifferentiated group preferred flamboyant, sexy and mature images. On the other hand, for women, the masculinity group showed a higher preference for luxurious image, while the femininity group showed a stronger preference for sexy, urban, decorative, modern, complicated, luxurious images. The female androgyny group preferred expressive, modern, mature, complicated, and luxurious images, whereas the undifferentiated group preferred bold, decorative, rational, and complicated clothing images.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.141-168
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between national identity and attitudes towards immigrants among Korean, Chinese and Japanese univ. students. The subjects were univ. students of Korean(433), Chinese (495) and Japanese(477). Data were analyzed by Factor analysis, ANOVA, Scheffe, Structural Equation Modeling, multi-group analysis. The results are following : First, ethnic and civic identity both was the highest in chinese univ. students. Ethnic identity was the lowest in Korean univ. students, and civic identity was the lowest in Japanese univ. students. Second, attitudes towards immigrants among Korean, Chinese and Japanese Univ. Students differed from items of perceived threat. Third, each sub-factor of national identity influenced mutual relation rather than independent on attitude towards immigrants. The impact of national identity on the attitudes towards immigrants, that of Japanese univ. students has significantly highest, but those of Korean and Chinese univ. students was not affected.