• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.689-696
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• 2015

The green manure crops are returned to soil when the plants are still green. The green manure crops play a role in reducing chemical fertilizers, improvement of soil fertility, reduction of soil erosion, weed control, and landscapes effect. Typical green manure crops are barley green manure, hairy vetch, chines milk vetch and clovers. We sowed 49 species of green manure crops in upland soil to increase the usage of green manure crops. We searched the effectiveness of green manure yield, C/N ratio, soil mulching, and landscape effect. The green manure crops that have $5tonha^{-1}$ or more of green manure yield (fresh weight) were 6 gramineous crops, 4 leguminous crops, and 3 others. Green manures yield in a short growth period was higher in gramineous crops than leguminous crops. Among the green manure crops, 3 gramineous crops, 12 leguminous crops, and 3 others were under 25 in C/N ratio. Seven gramineous crops, 8 leguminous crops, and 5 others were over 50% of soil covering rate. Green manure crops that have beautiful flowers were in total 16 kinds, such as 4 gramineous crops, 6 leguminous crops, and 6 others. In result, based on green manure yield and C/N ratio, excellent species in the green manure crops were 4 species (triticale, 2 kinds of hairy vetch, and lupin). Green manure crops that were effective at soil mulching were 20 species, like hairy vetch, oats, sorghum, phacelia, buckwheat, etc. Buckwheat, crotalaria, mustard plant, phacelia, and etc. could be available for landscape crops.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as other plants. Incorporating such plant into soil as green manure is effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. In the absence of green manure addition, the $NO_3$ content, electric conductivity (EC), and K content decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. In the presence of green manure addition, $P_2O_5$ and $NO_3$ contents reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The "survived root ratio" of 2-year-old ginseng significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, in the Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus treatment, respectively. In addition, there was a significant increase in the "survived root ratio" in the Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius treatments. The "survived root ratio" of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with the soil pH and a negative correlation with the $NO_3$ contents, and EC. Conclusions: Cultivation of plant form the Chrysanthemum family as green manure, using mainly the rhizomes was effective for the control of root rot disease of ginseng.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.49-59
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• 2021

The effects of green manure crops, hairy vetch and sesban, supplemented with HS (humic substance) on biological soil health indicators was studied in a pot containing two kinds of reclaimed soil previously contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons; a soil remediated by land-farming (DDC) and another soil by low-temperature thermal desorption (YJ). Treatments include no plant (C), plants only (H), and plants+2% HS (PH), which were evaluated in a pot containing respective soil. Biological indicators include microbial community analysis as well as soil enzyme activities of dehydrogenase, 𝛽-glucosidase, N-acetyl-𝛽-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), acid/alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and urease. Results showed an increase of enzyme activities in pot soils with plants and even greater in soils with plants+HS. The enzyme activities of DDC soil with plants (DDC_P) and with plants+HS (DDC_PH) increased 1.6 and 3.9 times on average, respectively than those in the control. The enzyme activities YJ soil with plants (YJ_P) and with plant+HS (YJ_PH) increased 1.8 and 3.8 times on average, respectively than those in the control. According to microbial community analysis, the relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in DDC and YJ soil was increased from 1.5% to 7% and from 0 to 5%, respectively, after planting hairy vetch and sesban. This study showed that mixed planting of green manure crops with a supplement of humic substance is highly effective for the restoration of biological health indicators of reclaimed soils.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.636-641
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• 2011

Four different green manure crops, hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass, crimson clover, orchard grass were cultivated to test the differences in their effects on soil improvement. After plowing to incorporate the green manure crops, tomato plants were grown as a succeeding crop to investigate the effects of green manure on the soil physical properties and plant growths. The experimental results showed that green manure could decrease the soil hardness. Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch as the green manure were especially effective in decreasing the soil hardness. Orchard grass and Italian ryegrass provided more void in soil matrix, resulting increased soil moisture contents. After two months, bulk density was decreased in the plots of Italian ryegrass and orchard grass. However, there were no significant differences between green manure plots and control after the cultivation of the succeeding crop. The results indicated that the growing Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch as green manure helped growing tomato plants. Orchard grass also improved the soil characteristics, comparable to Italian ryegrass in spite of their relatively small biomass.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.290-296
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• 2016

Green manure has been used as alternative to chemical fertilizer. To evaluate the effect of green manure on the chemical properties of top-soil and sorghum yield, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV), manure barley (MB), and a mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley (HV+MB) were incorporated into the soil at a rate of $100kg-N\;N\;ha-1$ before the sorghum was transplanted. Total biomass of sorghum grown in the HV, MB, and HV+MB treatments was 13.1, 31.6, and $25.2t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, and the nitrogen production of the treatments was 81, 74, and $145kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The SPAD value of the uppermost leaf of sorghum plants grown in the soils with HV, MB, or HV+MB were very similar until heading stage; however, at maturity, the SPAD value of sorghum cultivated in the soils with HV was lower than that of sorghum in the soils with MB or HV+MB. This could be because the nitrogen release from HV was too rapid to supply nitrogen to sorghum during the later stage of grain filling. Compared with chemical fertilizers, the incorporation of green manure increased the pH, exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Mg{^{+}^{+}}$, and $Ca{^{+}^{+}}$), and total nitrogen in soil postharvest, indicating an improvement in soil chemical properties. Total carbon content increased in soil with green manure incorporated, but decreased in the chemical fertilized soil, suggesting that sorghum cultivation using green manure may sequester carbon in soils. The yield of sorghum cultivated with green manure was not different from the yield of sorghum cultivated with chemical fertilizers. These results suggest that the mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley can be a useful chemical fertilizer alternative in sorghum cultivation.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 2008

To develop a natural re-seeding technology, the optimum soil incorporation time of Chinese milk vetch(CMV) plant residues, seed persistence in soil, biomass production and subsequent rice yield were determined from 2005 to 2007 in rice with CMV green manure in southern Korea. Generally, insufficient seedling stand was regenerated with CMV incorporation to the soil at 20 and 25 days after flowering(DAF), while high regeneration of greater than 400 seedlings per $m^2$ was observed at 35 and 40 DAF. High re-seeding stand of CMV incorporated at 35 DAF or later was related with high seed viability and heavy seed weight. Appreciable number of CMV seeds remained 4 month after burial in soil and a good number of CMV seedlings regenerated from this seed bank at rice harvest time in the fall. Based on the relationships among re-seeding number of CMV plants, seed weight and seed viability, CMV plants should be incorporated into the soil 35 DAF(May 30) or later when CMV seeds were sufficiently matured. The natural re-seeding stand for the 3-year trials was stable ranging from 437 to 700 plants per $m^2$ and the biomass production was sufficient to supply nitrogen for rice growth. The use of re-seeding CMV plant can produce similar rice yield like that of rice without CMV green manure.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to compare weed occurrence and to evaluate the field performance of some leguminous plant species under no-weeding fallow condition during summer months from middle of June to middle of August. In 2005 and 2006, the first dominant weed species was Digitaria sanguinalis, and other major weed species, such as Cyperus amuricus, Portulaca oleracea, and Amaranthus retroflexus, were similar among treatments. In both years, total shoot dry weight of weeds was the highest In the control plot, and the lowest in the cowpea plot, indicating that cowpea most effectively suppressed the growth of weeds among treatments. When the growth of four different leguminous species were compared after seeding during middle of June in 2006, cowpea and rice bean grew vigorously under no-weeding condition during hot and humid summer months, while wild soybean and hairy vetch did not. Shoot dry weight was in the order of cowpea > rice bean > wild soybean > hairy vetch. In conclusion, cowpea is a leguminous species which can be used as a green manure cover crop during summer months under no-weeding and our climate condition. Further works are needed to use cowpea as a green cover crop during summer months for various cropping systems.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2012

Objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of different organic matter on growth and yield in rice plants and suppression of weed occurrence in paddy soil. The treatments consisted of rice bran, expeller cake, or combination of rye green manure and rice bran without any agrochemical or fertilizer. At 50 days after transplanting (DAT), plant height of rice between conventional practice and expeller cake treatments were similar, while rice bran treatment was inhibited growth of rice during growing period. Also, heading date of rice among the all treatments was not significantly different. Rice yield in expeller cake or rye green manure and rice bran treatments was attained to 91% and 98% of the conventional practice, respectively, while the value in rice bran treatments was just 82%. On the other hand, at 40 DAT of rice plants, occurred major weed species in organic matter treatments were four species, while those in conventional practice were two species. Additionally, the dry weight of weeds in rice bran treatment was significantly inhibited compared to it of expeller cake or combination of rye green manure and rice bran treatments, while the value in rice bran treatment was higher than the conventional practice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2017

Rye is cultivated on about 30,000ha domestically for forage and green-manure production in Korea. 'Daegokgreen' has been developed as a good quality rye cultivar for forage and green-manure, which was doubled-chromosome by colchicine treatment of diploid rye cultivar 'Gogu' in 2010. By the colchicine treatment with 0.05% for 12 hours at $2^{nd}$ leaf stage of 'Gogu', 31 tetraploid plants were obtained and they produced 2,470 seeds with 135 spikes. There was 4.4 in the number of spikes per plant, 18.3 in grain number per spike, and 37.6 g in the1,000-grain weight. The heading date of 'Daegokgreen' was April 11, which was two days later on average compared with 'Gogu'. The biomass (fresh weight) of 'Daegokgreen' was 3,701kg, which was similar to 'Gogu'. The average crude protein content of 'Daegokgreen' was 8.9%, which was 1.0% point higher than 'Gogu'. 'Daegokgreen' was found to be strong resistant to winter-kill and can be adapted to before maize cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.503-519
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate ginger growth and its nutrient uptake depending on changes of soil properties as affected by applications of green manure crop and/or charcoal in continuous cropping system. The green manure crops applied were barley and hairy vetch, and charcoal was additionally treated in selected plots as a soil conditioner. Experimental plots were prepared as Plot 1 (control), Plot 2 (barley of 8kg $10a^{-1}$), Plot 3 (hairy vetch of 12kg $10a^{-1}$), Plot 4 (charcoal of 1,000kg $10a^{-1}$ and barley 8kg $10a^{-1}$), and Plot 5 (charcoal of 1,000kg $10a^{-1}$ and hairy vetch of 12kg $10a^{-1}$) with two different soil conditions (high clay content, HCC and low clay content, LCC). When comparing selected chemical properties of soils before and after cultivating ginger plant, soil pH decreased from 6.9~8.1 to 6.8~7.6, and electrical conductivity (EC) also declined from $0.45{\sim}1.25dSm^{-1}$ to $0.30{\sim}0.61dSm^{-1}$. However, the content of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (T-N) increased. Thus, the soil chemical properties were improved with the applications of green manures and charcoal. Also, macro- and micro-nutrient contents of ginger plants in the different plots were various between normal and diseased plants grown in soils with HCC and LCC. In particular, the concentration of manganese (Mn) was 3~4 folds higher in the diseased plant than in the normal plants. Ginger growth status and yield was relatively improved with the applications of green manures and charcoal as comparing with control plot. Especially in the Plot 4 with LCC, the ginger plant was not infected by root-rot disease.