• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.399-407
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• 2008

Importance of climate change and its impact on agriculture and environment has increased with a rise of greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentration in Earth's atmosphere, which had caused an increase of temperature in Earth. Greenhouse gas emissions such as methane($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide($N_2O$) in the field need to be assessed. GHGs fluxes using chamber systems in the fields(2004~2005) with pepper cultivation were monitored at the experimental plots of National Academy of Agricultural Science(NAAS), Rural Development Administration(RDA) located in Suwon city. $N_2O$ emission during pepper growing period was reduced to 74.0~82.1% in sandy loam soil compared with those in clay loam soil. Evaluating $N_2O$ emission at different levels of soil water conditions, $N_2O$ emission at -50 kPa were lowered to 13.2% in clay loam soil and 40.2% in sandy loam soil compared with those at -30 kPa. $CH_4$ emission was reduced to 45.7~61.6% in sandy loam soil compared with those in clay loam soil. Evaluating $CH_4$ at different levels of soil water conditions, $CH_4$ emission at -50 kPa was lowered to 69.6% in clay loam soil and 55.8% in sandy loam soil compared with those at -30 kPa. It implied that -50 kPa of soil water potential was effective for saving water and reducing GHG emissions. From the path analysis as to contribution factors for $N_2O$ emission, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of mineral N(51.2%), soil temperature (25.8%), and soil moisture content(23.0%) in clay loam soil and soil moisture content(39.3%), soil temperature (36.4%), and mineral N(24.3%) in sandy loam soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.98-106
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• 2011

This study was performed with the purpose of providing basic data for the improvement of zoning regulations of urban nature park by analyzing the present problem which occurred during last 6 years from the year of 2005 when the program was introduced for the first time. The study was processed first by the analysis of the cases of problems evoked by citizens, second the other problems was delineated by interviews of officials, at last the validity of all of the problems was verified by a group of professionals through delphi method. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. In relation to the designation and management of urban national park areas, designation criteria, designation process, maintenance, laws and regulations and 20 other items were found to be problematic. After Delphi method, 5 items were removed and 2 added. The results showed that there were 17 problematic items in total. 2. Regarding the problem of criteria for designation, which are, lack of priority(weights), lack of objectivity due to the difficulty to use quantitative evaluation method, incompatibility for contaminated land environmental impact assessment, incompatibility of land suitability assessment, lack of detailed field survey standards, lack of national park area standards, and 6 other items. 3. Regarding the problem of designation process, which are, the occurrence of civil appeals for designating a new national park, the needs of feasibility study on the urban national park areas constructed before urban national park guidelines came out, lack of a comprehensive review of the boundaries set when determining national park area management plan, poor temporal and financial conditions for an accurate field survey, and 4 other items. 4. Regarding the problem of maintenance management, which are, lack of management system in each space, lack of effectiveness of Urban Nature Park Area Management Plan among master plans for park and green areas, the occurrence of dual managers due to dual natures such as purpose area and city park, lack of professional manpower to manage park areas, and 4 other items. 5. Regarding the problems of regulation guidelines, which are, lack of separate urban park area management plan, incompatibility of the permitted facilities in the park to the park area standards, lack of feasibility study on urban park areas, and 3 other items.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.34-44
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in perceptions between gardens and park functions as recognized by two groups, Group A and Group B, in order to confirm the distinction between concepts and functions and then establish the importance of individual functions. The AHP was used to analyze the importance of each group's perceptions by dividing them into garden and park, Group A and non-Group A, respectively. In Group A, the importance of garden functions were considered in descending order of importance to be cultural function, ecological function, and social function. In the general group, ecological function, cultural function, and social function also appeared, but in a different order of importance. As for the park functions, Group A recognized the importance of functions in a similar order of importance to the gardens: cultural function, ecological function, and social function. Group B thought that social function, ecological function, and cultural function have the same significance. At the major classification level, Group A and Group B emphasized the social function of the parks. Group A recognized the importance of the garden's cultural function as the most important, whereas the general group emphasized the importance of the garden's ecological function. As for the mid-class level, Group A recognized the aesthetic beauty, health, ecological environment protection, and water circulation as important functions of the garden. For Group B, the ecological environment protection, aesthetic beauty, water cycle, and health were important. The concepts and functions of gardens and parks are still largely mixed but are gradually becoming differentiated. As a follow-up study, it is important to systematically manage the functions of gardens by establishing design, construction, and monitoring DB techniques for the garden type and examine the hierarchy of various other gardens.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.294-303
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• 2020

This study aimed to examine was conducted to the ability of microclimate control in old pine forests by surveying pine forest in Buddhist temples, where the pine forest are stably growing through active protection in the Gyeongnam region, and comparing variation characteristics of microclimate characteristics (temperature and humidity) and distribution of vegetation type. The study sites were pine forests protected well by Buddhist temples (Haein-sa, Beomeo-sa, Tongdo-sa, and Bulguk-sa) in the southeast region of Korea and thus known for stably growing young pine trees. According to the vegetation distribution status analysis, these pine forests did not have a high ratio of pine trees. Except for Tongdo-sa, the ratio of deciduous forest and mixed (deciduous and pine trees) forest had a much larger presence than that of pine forest. Measured data of microclimate showed that the Tongdo-sa area had significantly different characteristics compared to the other three areas. Tongdo-sa area showed a significantly higher diurnal range of temperatures and humidity than the other three areas, in both spring and summer. It is due to the difference in vegetation management. The forests around Tongdo-sa are mostly pine forests, except for the developed areas, while those in the other three areas have a dominant ratio of deciduous brad-leaved forests. Intensive control of pine forest is not effective in mitigating microclimate, i.e., temperature and air humidity. Stress caused by rising temperatures and decreasing air humidity is blamed for the decline of pine forests. Thus, the current active management of pine forests, such as the Tongdo-sa case, has been found to have a greater negative impact on the temperature and humidity stress. Therefore, we believe that a new change in forest management is necessary to increase the effect of mitigating the microclimate of pine forests.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.399-404
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• 1975

In order to study on the utility for feed of several leguminosae tree leaves, the leaves of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were collected from several places of Daejon city and Daeduck-Kun at the different growing seasons. The leaf productivities, the change of the contents of chemical components on the different growing seasons. and the palatability trial were determined. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Leaf productivities of Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were higher than that of Lespedeza spp., and the highest production of Amorpha' fruticosa was showed in august and that of Robinia pseudo acacia was showed in september. 2. Crude protein contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 12.6, 18.63 and 15.87% respectively and the protein contents of them showed gradual decrease as growing. 3. Crude fat contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 9.00, 5.85 and 4.70% respectively, and they displayed gradual increase as growing, 4. Crude fiber contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 14.97, 12.61 and 9.80% respectively, and they showed gradual increase as growing. 5. The content of nitrogen free extract of Robinia pseudo acacia showed higher than those of Lespedeza spp. and Amorpha fruticosa, and all of them displayed gradual decrease as growing. 6. Crude ash contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia determined to 4.40, 4.98 and 5.27% respectively, and variable changes were appeared as growing. 7. The results of palatability trial for three leaves showed superior to the order of Lespedeza spp., Robinia pseudo acacia and Amorpha fruticosa, and the dried leaves were more favorable than green leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.90-103
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to be able to understand the problems within the urban agriculture policy promoted by the Government and local autonomous entity base on the comparison of the consciousness of the urban agriculture between urban farmers and public officials and to inquire into the further revitalization scheme in the end. For this purpose, this study drew implications through studying latest trend and the legislation of domestic and foreign urban agriculture and then conducted a questionnaire survey of urban farmers and public officials. Because of this research, the revitalization schemes of urban agriculture are as follows: First, it's necessary to secure the usable arable land, such as the green roof, community garden, as well as urban agriculture park, etc. Second, it is necessary to establish the urban agriculture relations act suited for the actual circumstances of our country and to back up the legislation at an institutional, technological level in terms of a nation in order to secure the durability of urban agriculture. Third, it is advisable to make a proposal about the problems in time of activities for cultivation by forming a network between urban farmers and public officials and to prepare the plan for the active exchange of farming technologies. Fourth, it's necessary to activate the community gardens by supplying the education through cultivation method & its management method, and a variety of urban-agriculture-participation programs. Fifth, it is necessary to set up the specialized and practical education through an institute for landscape architecture. Sixth, it is necessary to induce the spontaneous participation in urban agriculture from urban farmers accompanied by the activities for promotion that are worth arousing urban farmers' interest. Lastly, it is also necessary to establish a legal basis of urban agricultural parks and facilities as well as to promote a search for multilateral policies and their practice so that the further urban agriculture can be stably continued within city boundaries.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2008

Bus stops are places that a variety of things happen including waiting, meeting and taking breaks. Therefore, these locations need to be made to meet the usage demands. They should be landscaped to provide a comfortable and satisfying environment for users. At present, bus stops are made with artificial materials and are all unified in form without consideration to landscape, ecology and other characteristics. Users are exposed to the poor surroundings. However, if small urban parks, which are of vital importance as well as extremely convenient, were connected to bus stops, the results would be a quantitative increase in the leisure locations and a qualitative change in the form of improved landscape and various forms of parks. The research was carried out to determine the effects of connecting bus stops and small parks, and the results are as follows. First, small parks provide resting areas for waiting passengers and buses. Second, it provides presently insufficient rest areas with convenience facilities and makes it more comfortable to take buses and use the park. Third, it provides a multi-functional efficient use of space that functions as both bus stop and park. Fourth, it can be a symbolic landmark that can represent the color of the area by adding a cultural element. Fifth, the existing green space in the park can contribute to the natural environment of the city. This study deduced general problems surrounding bus stops on the basis of selected indices and researched bus stops which are being used as parks and the places which have the potential for such purposes, in order to suggest a plan of attack. In addition, this proposal can create a new form of space, the bus stop park, and try to create a module of cases to establish it.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1982

These studies were carried out to know the measure of damage having an effect on the ornamental trees owing to sulfurous acid gas($So_2$) which injures much forest trees among air pollutions in south area of Korean and to know the difference of smoke resistance on the five representative species among them and therefore to establish the preventive measure of air pollutions in industrial complex of south area of Korea by the ornamental trees. The reaction formula utilized was $Na_2So_2+H_2So_4$ $Na_2So_4+H_O+So_4$. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The ornamental trees surveyed in the industrial complexes of Ul-San, Chang-Won and Po-hang belonged to 51 species, 161,699 trees in all. The most five species among 51 sorts of woody plants were Populus tomentiglandulosa, Buxus microphylla, Forsythia korenan, Juniperus chinensis and Pinus densiflora. 2) The relation between the concentration of sulfurous acid gas($So_2$) and the damage rate upon investigation in each species: In case of low concentration the destructive quantities of cells of woody plants, and the more increased the concentrations, the more increased the amount of damage. 3) The difference of smoke resistance among five species showed to be the strongest in Buxus micorphylla, the second rand Pupulus tomentiglandulosa, the third rand Forsythia koreana, the fourth rank Juniperus chinensis and the weakest in Pinus densiflora. 4) The ornamental trees of industrial complex expecially in south area of Korea in future should be planted gradually broad-leaved trees which have strong sprout, smoke resistance and thick leaved rather than comifers. 5) I think that the area of city forest in industrial complex requires about $50m^2$ per head of population and about 100m width of green belt between industrial area and residential district.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.16-39
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• 1993

This study aims to analyze the locational factors which the small firm enterpreneurs in Pusan City mainly consider in deciding location choices for their plants, and then to grasp the differences of the factors in terms of nature of firms, managerial personal characteristics and zoning areas. In order to implement the purpose of the rescarch, data are collected from selected small firm enterpreneurs throughthe questionaire. The main results are summerized as follows. First, it is pointed out that small firm indu-strialists for the regional choice consider crucial rationale as non-economic factor of personal reson with additional consideration of transpor-tation, infrastructure, service, market and labor forces. But in selection of site, they are apt to have high regard on the such factors as infra-structure, service, land and transportation factor. These factors to select the site demonstrate differentiation in terms of character of enter-prises, managerial characteristics and zoning areas. For example, land in the light of indu-strial sector is regarded as an important factor with longer the time of the establishment of firms or more aged or experienced enterpreneurs, wheras infrastructure and service in the heavy and chemical industrial sector are taken up as an important one with shorter the time of establishment of firms or less aged or experienced or higher educational background of enterpren-eurs. In addition, the non-economic factors such as the residential livebility and personal reason are picked up as important factors with smaller the firm or more aged or experienced, lesser educational background of entrepreneurs. Taking into consideration zoning area, infra-structure and service in the industrial area such as the exclusive and semi-industrial areas, land in green belt area, and transportation in the commercial and residential areas are singled out as the most important factors respectively. In addition, the non-economic factors of the resi-dential livability and personal reason in the non-industrial areas are also highly regarded. Second, land is picked up as the most impor-tant one of pulling factors toward the present site while other factors such as infrastructure, service, personal reason are also regarded as the secondary reason for the move-in decision; the pulling factors for the present plant location show somewhat differences in terms of the charcter of the enterprises, managerial chara-cteristics and zoning areas. Policy measures including land, infrastructure under the environmental aspects, service and transportations are, in turn, pointed out as the important ones for pushing factors. Meanwhile, as the important staying factor in the present place, transportation, infrastructure and service under the aspect of the agglomeration benefit, market, personal reason are considered. The pushing and staying factors also shows somewhat distinctive differences in terms of the character of enterprises, managerial chracteristics and zoning area. In the case of zoning area, land is regarded as the most important factor to move out, especially in the non-industrial areas inclu-ding the commerical and residential areas policy measures, infrastructure and service are indicated as important factors to move out. In the mean-time, as the important staying factor, industria-lists in the exclusive and semi-industrial areas point out transportation, infrastructure and service. Whereas the counterparts in the com-mercial area regard transportation and market as important factor, those in the residential area consider the non-economic factors such as personal reason and residential livability. Taking into consideration the result of this analysis, it is identified that the locational chara-cteristics of the intraurban small firm industries are not only associated with the character of enterprises, but also with manager's personal character and the trait of zoning area. Therefore, it seems that the thorough review or examination of enterprises, industrialists' characteristics and zoning areas will have meanin-gful significance in attemption explanation of small firm industries at the intrauban scale in the future. Especially, it appears that the eco-nomic factors such as land, infrastructure, service, transportation, and the non-economic factors such as residential livability and personal reason play together important parts to determine the locational choice of small firm industries along with non-industrial benefit. Thus, such status reveals the obvious implication for the intraurban industrial policy in the future.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 2002

The sixty natural springs and community wells used as a drinking water in the Daejeon area are mainly located at the parks and the natural green districts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water quality and the contamination of the springs and the wells, and to suggest the management strategy for the springs and wells. For this study, we undertook water quality data from Daejeon City. According to the statistic analysis of water quality data, unacceptable rate as a drinking water was about 28 percent in 1999 and 24.5 percent in 2000, respectively. Major unacceptable factor is coliform, and others are bacteria, yersinia, color, turbidity, Fe and F. The unacceptable rate shows a roughly positive relationship with precipitation, that is, it shows highest rate during a rainy season between June and September. The major contamination source is likely to be the excrement of wild animals around natural springs and wells. Most of springs are vulnerable to the contamination of coliform and bacteria because of short residence time and shallow circulation in subsurface environment. The water samples collected from 31 springs or wells show weak acidic pHs, the electrical conductivity ranging from 63 to 357 $\mu\textrm{S}$/cm, and the hydrochemical types of Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$ and Ca-HC0$_3$. The groundwater samples of low total dissolved solid(TDS) belong to Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$. type, and the groundwater of high total dissolved solid is shifted towards Ca-HC0$_3$ type in the chemical composition. These hydrochemical characteristics indicate that most natural springs is in the early stage of geochemical evolution. The natural springs should be closed during a rainy season, which shows a high contamination rate. We suggest that a protection barrier around the springs should be built to keep wild animals away from the springs.