• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1996

This study was carried out to obtain good livestock production in comparison with 3 different pasture mixture (Control : TI = Potomac orchardgrass + Bastion perennial ryegrass + Fawn tall fescue + Regal white clover, T2 = Potomac orchardgrass + Bastion perennial ryegrass + Roa tall fescue + Regal white clover, T3 = Potomac orchardgrass + Bastion perennial ryegrass + Roa tall fescue + Tahora white clover) by grazing experiment used 45 dairy calves (about lOOkg liveweight) during the period from April to October, 1994 at the Isidole farm, Cheju. Daily liveweight gains of calves grazed during the experiment period were 331${\pm}$29, 352${\pm}$4, 356${\pm}$18g in treatment 1, 2 and 3 respectively, but did not get statistically significant difference. On compared the results with the period investigated, the period which was highest in daily liveweight gain was early grazing season b m May to June while the period shown to be lowest in daily liveweight gain was between late July and late August. Hehage intake rate did not get significant difference among treatments with results shown as 67${\pm}$1.2, 62${\pm}$5.1, 60${\pm}$9.6% in treatment 1, 2 and 3 respectively. And efficiency of conversation into animal product was high in treatment 2. It is considered that good results were not obtained in this study because tall fescue and white clover, important species in this trial did not cover the pasture well with slow establishment in 1st year after seeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1105-1115
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• 2015

Fifty 3-month-old male Tan lambs (similar in body weight) were divided into 5 groups to investigate the effects of different restricted pasture grazing times and indoor supplementation on the productive performances and fatty acid composition of the intramuscular fat in growing lambs. The lambs grazed for different periods of time (12 h/d, 8 h/d, 4 h/d, 2 h/d, and 0 h) and received various amounts of supplementary feedings during the 120-day trial. Pasture dry matter intake (DMI), total DMI, average daily gains and the live body weights of the lambs were measured during the experiment. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the study, their carcass traits were measured, and their longissimus dorsi muscles were sampled to analyze the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid profiles. The results indicated that the different durations of grazing and supplementary feedings affected the animal performances and the composition of fatty acids. Grazing for 8 h/d or 2 h/d with the corresponding supplementary concentrate resulted in lambs with higher body weights, carcass weights and IMF contents. Lambs with longer grazing times and less concentrate accumulated more healthy fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and had higher n-3/n-6 ratios. Overall, a grazing allowance of 8 h/d and the corresponding concentrate was recommended to maintain a high quantity and quality of lamb meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1452-1460
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• 2014

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional parameters of young bulls supplemented with different ratios of protein: carbohydrate on tropical pastures from 4 until 18 months old. Fifty-five non-castrated beef calves ($138.3{\pm}3.4kg$, 90 to 150 d of age) were used. The calves (young bulls) were subjected to a 430-d experimental period encompassing 4 seasons. The treatments were as follows: control, only mineral mixture; HPHC, high protein and high carbohydrate supplement; HPLC, high protein and low carbohydrate supplement; LPHC, low protein and high carbohydrate supplement; and LPLC, low protein and low carbohydrate supplement. The amount of supplement was adjusted every 28 d. Dry matter (DM) intake was higher in the dry-to-rainy transition and rainy seasons for all nutritional plans. Non-supplemented animals had lower intakes of DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) than supplemented young bulls in all seasons. Although differences in DM intake were not observed between supplemented animals, the supplements with high carbohydrate (HPHC and LPHC) had lower forage intake during suckling (rainy-to-dry transition season) and in the rainy season. However, the HPHC treatment animals had higher intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. It can be concluded that supplementation with high protein levels (supplying 50% of the crude protein requirement) provide the best nutritional parameters for grazing young bulls in most seasons, increasing intake and digestibility of diet, and these effects are more intense when associated with high carbohydrate levels level (supplying 30% TDN requirement).

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.106-110
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• 2020

본 연구는 일년생 사료작물인 이탈리안 라이그라스, 귀리, 호밀을 파종하여 말방목 체계하에서 생육특성, 생산성 및 방목지에서의 말의 기호성 등을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 일년생 사료 작물은 10월 30일에 파종하였으며 말 방목은 이듬해 3월 17일에 시작하였다. 1차 예취시 건물수량은 호밀이 4,600kg/ha로 이탈리안 라이그라스와 귀리에 비해 높은 수량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 2차와 3차 예취시 건물수량은 사료작물간에 유의적인 차이를 보이 않았으나 시간이 경과할수록 이탈리안 라이그라스의 수량이 높아져 총 건물수량은 이탈리안 라이그라스가 10,941kg/ha으로 호밀 12,593kg/ha와 귀리 9,424kg/ha와 비슷하였다. 사료작물별 채식시간은 이탈리안 라이그라스가 귀리와 호밀에 비해서 월등히 높았다(p<0.05). 1차 방목과 2차 방목에서 이탈리안 라이그라스의 채식시간은 각각 853.2초, 989.4초였으며, 귀리는 147.6초 73.0초 그리고 호밀은 89.4초, 33.18초였다. 각 사료작물별 채식률은 이탈리안 라이그라스가 귀리와 호밀에 비해 1차와 2차 방목 모두 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이탈리안 라이그라스의 채식률은 1차에서 60.0%, 2차에서 82.8%였으며, 평균 채식률은 71.4%를 보였다. 일년생 사료작물의 1번초의 수량은 호밀이 가장 높았지만, 작물의 재생능력과 총 생산성, 말의 기호성은 이탈리안 라이그라스가 월등히 우수했다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 제주지역에서 말을 방목하기 위한 동계사료작물의 재배 이용은 이탈리안 라이그라스가 가장 적합하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.504-520
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• 2020

Proliferation of shrubs at the expense of native forage in pastures has been associated with large changes in dry-matter intake and dietary components for grazing ruminants. These changes can also affect the animals' physiology and metabolism. However, little information is available concerning the effect of pastoral-shrub grazing on the rumen bacterial community. To explore rumen bacteria composition in grazing yaks and the response of rumen bacteria to increasing shrub coverage in alpine meadows, 48 yak steers were randomly assigned to four pastures with shrub coverage of 0%, 5.4%, 11.3%, and 20.1% (referred as control, low, middle, and high, respectively), and ruminal fluid was collected from four yaks from each pasture group after 85 days. Rumen fermentation products were measured and microbiota composition determined using Ion S5™ XL sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and similarity analysis indicated that the degree of shrub coverage correlated with altered rumen bacterial composition of yaks grazing in alpine shrub meadows. At the phyla level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in rumen increased with increasing shrub coverage, whereas the proportions of Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Verrucomicrobia decreased. Yaks grazing in the high shrub-coverage pasture had decreased species of the genus Prevotellaceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group, Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group and Fretibacterium, but increased species of Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group, Ruminococcus 1, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and Lachnospiraceae UCG-008. These variations can enhance the animals' utilization efficiencies of cellulose and hemicellulose from native forage. Meanwhile, yaks grazed in the high shrub-coverage pasture had increased concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and branched-chain volatile fatty acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate) in rumen compared with yaks grazing in the pasture without shrubs. These results indicate that yaks grazing in a high shrub-coverage pasture may have improved dietary energy utilization and enhanced resistance to cold stress during the winter. Our findings provide evidence for the influence of shrub coverage on the rumen bacterial community of yaks grazing in alpine meadows as well as insights into the sustainable production of grazing yaks on lands with increasing shrub coverage on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 1994

방목체계하에서 일당 채식허용량(kg OM/cow)의 수준에 따른 일당 채식량 및 산유량의 경향을 방목에 따른 초생의 구성 및 구조적 변화와 관련하여 검토하는데 목적을 두었다. 본 보에서는 5일간 24시간 대상 방목체계하에서 고능력 착유우에 대한 3 수준의 일당 채식허용량에서 방목후 초생의 구조와 관련된 요인들의 변화를 조사한 결과를 요약하였다. 시험시기별 방목적 초생량 및 초장은 시험시기 1에서 5,047kg OM/ha와 341mm에서 초생의 생육이 진행됨에 따라 유의적으로 증가하여 시험시기 3에서 6,877kg OM/ha와 446mmduTdmsk, 채식허용량의 수준을 달리한 시험구 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없없다(평균 6,068kg OM/ha와 410mm). 방목후 초생의 구성은 채식허용량의 수준에 의해 많은 영향을 받았는데, 방목후 초생내 청엽의 수직적 분포높이, 비율 및 밀도는 고사엽과 엽초보다 훨씬 높은 감소비율을 보였고, 방목전 청엽은 지상 50cm까지 분포되어다가 방목후 고 및 중 수준이 채식허용량에서는 25cm까지, 저 수준의 채식허용량에서는 20cm까지 분포되어 있던 청엽은 모두 채식되었다. 방목깊이와 예취된 채식초의 부피는 채식허용량의 수준에 따라 유의적인 영향을 받았다. 방목후 초생량은 방목전 수준에 비해 고, 중 및 저 수준의 채식허용량에서 방목전 수준에 비래 각각 35, 36 및 52%가 감소되었다. 채식허용량과 방목후 초장(r=0.79), 생엽의 비율(r=0.94) 및 생엽의 밀도(r=0.91)간에 각각 고도의 정의 상관관계가 인정되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 1984

Timothy-Orchardgrass우점(優点) 초지(草地)에서 한우(韓牛) 및 교잡우(交雜牛)를 방목축(放牧畜)으로 공시(供試)하여 1980년(年) 6월(月)부터 1982년(年) 10월(月)까지 3년간(年間) 방목(放牧) 방법간(方法間)에 증체량 건물생산량(乾物生産量), 방목습성등(放牧習性等)의 차이(差異)를 검토(檢討)코자 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. 1. ha당(當) 목초건물수량(牧草乾物收量)은 'Wye 대학(大學)' 방목(放牧)이 6936.7kg, 고정방목(固定放牧)이 6794.3kg 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧)이 6686.9kg 윤환방목(輪換放牧)이 6675.7kg 그리고 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 5083.4kg으로 방목방법간(放牧方法間)에는 유의성(有意性)이 없었다. 2 목초이용율(牧草利用率)은 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 89.3%로 가장 높았고 윤환방목(輪換放牧), Wye 대학방목(大學放牧), 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧) 그리고 고정방목순(固定放牧順)으로 각각 73.1%, 70.8%, 64.4% 및 46.1%로 처리간(處理間)에 높은 유의성(有意性)(P<0.01)이 나타났으며 3. 1일(日) 두당건물(頭當乾物) 채식량(採食量)은 Wye 대학방목(大學放牧)이 7.32kg 윤환방목(輪換放牧)이 6.45kg 고정방목(固定放牧)이 5.82kg 그리고 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 5.61kg순(順)으로 Wye대학(大學) 방목(放牧)이 가장 많았고 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 가장 적었다. 4. 일(日) 당증체량을 보면 Wye 대학(大學) 방목(放牧)이 0.60kg으로 가장 높았고 윤환방목(輪換放牧)이 0.55kg 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧)이 0.5kg 고정방목(固定放牧)이 0.43kg 그리고 예취급여구(刈取給與區) 0.42kg으로 처리간(處理間)에는 유의성(有意性)이 없었다. 5. ha당(當) 총증체량에 있어서 Wye 대학방목(大學放牧)이 33339.5kg으로 가장 많았고 윤환방목(輪換放牧), 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧), 예취급여구(刈取給與區) 그리고 고정방목순(固定放牧順)으로 각각 299.1kg, 253.3kg, 226.6kg 및 222.2kg으로 고정방목구(固定放牧區)가 가장 적었다. 6. 채식시기(採食時期)은 각(各) 방목방법간(放牧方法間)에 유의차(有意差)는 나타나지 않았지만 Wye 대학(大學) 방목구(放牧區)가 367.3 분(分)으로 가장 짧았고 고정방목구(固定放牧區)가 422.1분(分)으로 가장 길었다. 7. 계절별(季節別) 1일(日) 채식시간(採食時間)은 6월(月)이 304.9분(分) 7월(月)이 359.4분(分) 8월(月)에 437.9분(分)이 483.3분(分) 그리고 10월(月)이 395.8분(分)으로 계절간(季節間)에 유의차(有意差)(P<0.05)가 나타났으며 계절(季節)이 진행(進行)할수록 채식시간(採食時間)이 길어진 것으로 나타났다. 8. 품종별(品種別) 채식시간(採食時間)에는 차이(差異)가 없었으며 샤로레${\times}$한우(韓牛)가 457.0분(分)으로 가장 길었고 한우(韓牛)가 422.4분(分)으로 가장 짧았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.484-490
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• 1997

Spatial distribution of urination by Japanese Black heifers and steers was investigated, and compared with the distribution of defecation. The animals grazed a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum $Fl\ddot{u}gge$) pasture in the daytime, and spent the rest of the day in a barn. The distribution of urination to the pasture was greater than that expected from the proportion of time that the animals spent in the pasture. Correspondingly, the distribution was smaller in the barn. Such a distribution pattern of urination to the pasture and barn was similar to that of defecation, and affected by the intake of supplement on the previous day. The distribution of urination within the pasture, i.e. the distribution to the paddock, alley and resting area, was often uneven on an area basis. The animals often urinated sparsely in the alley and resting area, while they urinated in the paddock almost proportionally to its area. This was a clear contrast to the distribution pattern of defecation, which was sparse in the paddock and dense in the resting area. The degree of aggregation of urination in the paddock, alley and resting area varied with the meteorological factors and the intake of supplement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.609-624
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• 2003

The genesis of methods for defining the nutritional value of feeds and the nutrient requirements of animals, and their development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and the USA are outlined. Current energy and protein feeding systems for ruminants are described. Particular reference is made to the Australian systems which are applicable to grazing animals as well as to those given prepared feeds, and enable the effective nutritional management of a imals at pasture by means of the decision support tool GrazFeed. The scheme for predicting intakes by cattle and sheep from pastures allows for the effects of selective grazing on the composition of the feed eaten, and for reduction in herbage intake when a supplementary feed is consumed. For herbage of any given concentration of metabolizable energy (ME) in the feed dry matter the changes with season of year in the net efficiency of use of the ME for growth and fattening and in the yield of microbial crude protein, g/MJ ME, which both vary with latitude, are defined. An equation to predict the energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) of both cattle and sheep includes predictions of the additional energy costs incurred by grazing compared with housed animals and the cost, if any, of cold stress. The equation allows for the change in MEm with feed intake. A flexible procedure predicts the composition of liveweight gain made by any given breed or sex of cattle and sheep at any stage of growth, and the variation with rate of gain. Protein requirements for maintenance, production including wool growth, and reproduction, are related to the quantities of microbial true protein and undegraded dietary protein truly digested in the small intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1228-1234
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• 2000

The reported study was conducted on range managed Malpura ewes that were non-breeding empty, were at an advanced stage of pregnancy, and were in early lactation, under a protocol of free grazing with concentrate supplementation at 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50% of their body weight to assess their plane of nutrition and nutrient intake. The biomass yield of pasture plots was 1689, 1820 and 2912 kg/ha in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases, respectively. In addition to natural shrubs and forbs, Cenchrus ciliaris (36.4%) and dead litter (31.6%) were the major component of pasture vegetation during pregnancy. The dead litter disappeared during the lactation and empty phase with a concomitant increase in distribution of Cenchrus ciliaris to 73.0 and 87.2% respectively. The daily dry matter consumption from supplemental concentrate and free grazing was 70.1, 57.3 and 63.5 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ with concentrate to roughage ratio of 40:60, 47:53 and 33:67 in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases respectively. Digestibility of DM and OM were similar in the three phases while CP digestibility was higher (p<0.0l) during lactation than other two phases. Digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose were higher (p<0.0l) in empty than pregnancy and lactation, while hemicellulose digestibility was similar in lactation and empty and lower in pregnancy phase. The ewes in ~hases of pregnancy, lactation and empty consumed 7.1, 7.7 and 6.1 g DCP and 197.2, 214.6 and 232.5 kcal DE/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ respectively. It is concluded that ewes maintained on semi-arid Cenchrus dominated pasture with concentrate supplementation during pregnancy, lactation and empty phases consumed 45.2, 45.1 and 35.2 g DCP/Mcal ME respectively.