• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1073-1084
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• 1999

The effects of secondary flow on the structure of a turbulent wake generated by a flat plate was investigated experimentally. The secondary flow was induced In a $90^{\circ}$ curved duct in which the flat plate wake generator was installed. The wake generator was installed in such a way that the wake velocity gradient exists in the span wise direction of the curved duct. Measurements were made in the plane containing the mean radius of curvature where pressure gradient and curvature effects were small compared with the secondary flow effect. All six components of the Reynolds stresses were measured in the curved duct. Turbulence intensities in the curved wake are higher than those in the straight wake due to an increase of the turbulent kinetic energy production by the secondary flow. In the inner wake region, shear stress and strain in the plane containing the velocity gradient of the wake show opposite signs with respect to each other, so that eddy viscosity Is negative in this region. This indicates that gradient-diffusion type turbulence models are not appropriate to simulate this type of flow.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1054-1062
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• 2003

The numerical simulations of flow and pollutant particle dispersion are described for two-dimensional bell shaped hills with various aspect ratios. The Reynolds-averaged incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with low Reynolds number $\kappa$-$\varepsilon$ turbulent model are used to simulate the flowfield. The gradient diffusion equation is used to solve the pollutant dispersion field. The code was validated by comparison of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress, speed-up ratio, and ground level concentration with experimental and numerical data. Good agreement has been achieved and it has been found that the pollutant dispersion pattern and ground level concentration have been strongly influenced by the hill shape and aspect ratio, as well as the location and height of the source.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2007

공모양의 단단한 종양안에서 수동조준된 약물의 전달에 관한 모델이론이 적절한 경계조건과 초기조건하에서 픽의 확산법칙으로부터 유도된다. 종양안의 농도는 초기값이 일정하면 시간과 지름의 함수로 나타난다. 생각실험(사고실험)으로부터 예측되는 바와 같이, 농도는 시간이 경과함에 따라 평형값에 접근한다. 시간에 따른 농도의 변화는 조직안의 약물의 확산계수, 종양의 크기, 주입된 약물의 양, 경계면에서의 농도의 물매(gradient)에 의해 결정된다.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• 제8권
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• pp.111-123
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• 1997

A one-dimensional eddy diffusion model and a mixed-layer model are developed and applied to simulate the vertical temperature profiles in lakes. Also the running result of each method are compared and analyzed. In an eddy diffusion model, molecular diffusivity is neglected and eddy diffusivity which does not need lake-specific fitting parameter and constant lake's level are applied. The heat exchanges at the water surface and the bottom are formulated by the energy balance and zero energy gradient, respectively. In a mixed-layer model, two layers approach which has a constant thickness is adopted. The application of these models which use explicit finite difference and Runge-Kutta methods respectively demonstrates that the models simulate water temperatures efficiently.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.511-525
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• 2014

본 연구는 반폐쇄성 해역인 마산만을 대상으로 eco-hydrodynamic model을 이용하여 해역의 물리적 구조를 분석하여, 물리적 안정도를 나타내는 수직확산계수를 산정하고, 생태계 모델에 적용하여 그 타당성을 평가하는 것이다. 해역의 물리적 구조는 EFDC모델을 사용하여 구하였으며, 수직 확산계수는 수층간의 밀도차이가 커질수록 감소하도록 산정하였다. 산정된 수직 확산계수를 Stella프로그램을 이용하여 구축한 생태계모델에 적용하여, 용존산소 재현성으로 그 타당성을 평가하였다. 수직확산계수 변화를 추정하여 적용한 모델의 결과는 2008년의 $R^2$값은 0.529~0.700으로 나타났으며, 2009년 $R^2$값은 0.542~0.791로 나타났다. 계산값은 관측값과 유사한 경향을 나타내었으며, 만 내측의 빈산소수괴를 잘 재현하였다. 본 연구에서 적용된 수직확산계수는 해역의 밀도성층과 물리적 안정도를 의미하는데, 향후 폐쇄성 내만해역의 빈산소수괴 발생 예측에 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2023

Chloride is one of the most common threats to reinforced concrete (RC) durability. Alkaline environment of concrete makes a passive layer on the surface of reinforcement bars that prevents the bar from corrosion. However, when the chloride concentration amount at the reinforcement bar reaches a certain level, deterioration of the passive protection layer occurs, causing corrosion and ultimately reducing the structure's safety and durability. Therefore, understanding the chloride diffusion and its prediction are important to evaluate the safety and durability of RC structure. In this study, the chloride diffusion coefficient is predicted by machine learning techniques. Various machine learning techniques such as multiple linear regression, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, artificial neural networks, extreme gradient boosting annd k-nearest neighbor were used and accuracy of there models were compared. In order to evaluate the accuracy, root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used as prediction performance indices. The k-fold cross-validation procedure was used to estimate the performance of machine learning models when making predictions on data not used during training. Grid search was applied to hyperparameter optimization. It has been shown from numerical simulation that ensemble learning methods such as random forest and extreme gradient boosting successfully predicted the chloride diffusion coefficient and artificial neural networks also provided accurate result.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 1999년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.385-388
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• 1999

Non-local impact ionization 현상의 해석에 사용될 수 있는 새로운 local model이 제시되었다. 새로운 모델은 임의의 점에서 가상의 선형 전기장과 path integral로 계산되는 유효전기장의 값을 이용한다. 이 모델은 불순물 농도, 전자 및 홀 농도, 전기장의 기울기 둥의 local 변수만을 이용함으로써 기존의 drift-diffusion 소자 시뮬레이터에 쉽게 적용될 수 있다. 결과를 Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션과 비교하여 새로운 모델이 non-local 현상을 잘 설명하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.1760-1778
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• 2018

For image segmentation with intensity inhomogeneity, many region-based level set methods have been proposed. Some of them however can't get the relatively ideal segmentation results under the severe intensity inhomogeneity and weak edges, and without use of the image gradient information. To improve that, we propose a new level set method combined with local direction gradient in this paper. Firstly, based on two assumptions on intensity inhomogeneity to images, the relationships between segmentation objects and image gradients to local minimum and maximum around a pixel are presented, from which a new pixel classification method based on weight of Euclidian distance is introduced. Secondly, to implement the model, variational level set method combined with image spatial neighborhood information is used, which enhances the anti-noise capacity of the proposed gradient information based model. Thirdly, a new diffusion process with an edge indicator function is incorporated into the level set function to classify the pixels in homogeneous regions of the same segmentation object, and also to make the proposed method more insensitive to initial contours and stable numerical implementation. To verify our proposed method, different testing images including synthetic images, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and real-world images are introduced. The image segmentation results demonstrate that our method can deal with the relatively severe intensity inhomogeneity and obtain the comparatively ideal segmentation results efficiently.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2012

This paper is comparing numerical schemes for a differential equation with convection and fourth-order diffusion. Our model equation is $h_t+(h^2-h^3)_x=-(h^3h_{xxx})_x$, which arises in the context of thin film flow driven the competing effects of an induced surface tension gradient and gravity. These films arise in thin coating flows and are of great technical and scientific interest. Here we focus on the several numerical methods to apply the model equation and the comparison and analysis of the numerical results. The convection terms are treated with well known WENO methods and the diffusion term is treated implicitly. The diffusion and convection schemes are combined using a fractional step-splitting method.

• 대한자기공명의과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한자기공명의과학회 2001년도 제6차 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.112-112
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• 2001

Purpose： We developed the software for diffusion tensor imaging and evaluated its feasibility in norm brains. Method： Five normal volunteers, aged from 25 to 29 years, were examined on a 1.5 T MR system. the diffusion tensor pulse sequence used a SE-EPI with 6 diffusion gradie directions of (1, 1, 0), (-1, 1,0), (1, 0, 1), (-1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 1, -1) and also with no diffusion gradient. A b-factor of 500 sec/mm2 was used. Measurement parameter were as follows； TR/TE=10000 ms/99 ms, FOV=240 mm, matrix=128$\times$128, slice thickness/gap=6 mm/0 mm, bandwidth=91 kHz and the number of total slices=20. Four repeated axial diffusion images were averaged for diffusion tensor imaging. A total scan 11 of 4 min 30 sec was used. Six full diffusion tensor components of Dxx, Dyy, Dzz, Dxy, Dxz and Dyz were obtained using two-point linear regression model from 7 diffusion-weight images at each pixel and fractional anisotropy and lattice index images was estimated fr their eigenvectors and eigenvalues. Our program was written on a platform of IDL. W evaluated the qualities of fractional anisotropy and lattice index images of normal brains a knew whether our software for diffusion tensor imaging may be feasible.