• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.57-66
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• 2019

Purpose - Present study aimed at investigating the factors that may affect consumers' decision confidence and decision comfort inducing choice commitment taken place at the stage of post-decision/pre-outcome. This study explored whether there are positive effects of dominance and instrumentality of chosen product on the decision confidence, and also identified whether there are positive effects of choice easiness and goal achievement-related affect felt at the chosen product on the decision comfort. Research design, data, and methodology - Portable digital camera as experimental product was used. 260 data were collected from college students. Four were removed from the analyses because they did not complete the questionnaire. Eighteen were removed because they indicated not experiencing the camera in the past. 238 data were used at the analyses to verify hypotheses by structural equation model in AMOS 21.0. Results - First, both of the consumers' decision confidence and decision comfort positively affected choice commitment. Second, the dominance as well as the instrumentality had positive impact upon the decision confidence. Third, the choice easiness and goal achievement-related affect felt at the chosen product had positive impact on the decision comfort. In sum, present study identified the mediation roles of the decision confidence in the effects of both dominance and instrumentality of the chosen product on forming choice commitment, and also found the mediation roles of the decision comfort in the effects of choice easiness and goal achievement-related affect felt at the product on forming choice commitment. Conclusions - Focusing on the stage of post-decision/pre-outcome in decision making process, present study contributes to advancing the choice commitment theories by exploring the positive effects of both dominance and instrumentality of chosen product on the decision confidence, and by finding the positive effects of both choice easiness and goal achievement-related affect felt at the chosen product on the decision comfort. Marketers should promote their products' dominance and instrumentality by showing the superior roles of their product attributes in achieving consumption goal, and should help consumers feel comfort by making choice process easier and giving information that could help feel the goal achievement-related affect at their product chosen.

• (The) Korean Journal of Educational Psychology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.563-587
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to understand the ways to enhance academic help-seeking by analyzing the structural relations among individual(achievement goal orientation) and contextural (teacher behaviors and classroom climate) factors known to affect help-seeking, one of the effective self-regulated learning strategies, for upper elementary students. More specifically, it explored the mediational roles of general classroom climate and student achievement goal orientation in the relation between supportive teacher behaviors and student academic help-seeking. A survey was administered to 315 fifth- or sixth-grade students in three elementary schools and the data from the survey was analyzed. Main results are as follows. First, supportive and learning-oriented teacher behaviors with high expectation related to more cohesive and positive classroom climate and more adaptive achievement goal such as mastery goal. Positive classroom climate played an important role in improving student mastery goal, and only mastery goal among different types of achievement goal orientation had a positive prediction of student help-seeking. Second, teacher behaviors significantly predicted student help-seeking through a double mediation of classroom climate and student mastery goal, which showed that classroom contextual factors and student individual factors interacted for help-seeking. These results suggest that the role of teachers as well as the mastery goal of students are important for enhancing students' help-seeking behavior as an adaptive learning strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.533-541
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• 2019

This study was designed to construct and test a structural equation model for related factors that affect to self-regulated learning in nursing students. The nursing students was asked to complete a questionnaire, and 273 data units were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling. The hypothetical model fit indices for the model revealed a fit at a recommended level, and 5 of the 6 paths were statistically significant explaining 68% of the variance. Therefore, education that improves self-determination, interpersonal competence and achievement goal orientation will promote self-regulated learning of nursing students. Competence programs to build the self-autonomy and relationships should be developed.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-71
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• 2010

Franchise businesses in South Korea have contributed to economic growth and job creation, and its growth potential remains very high. However, despite such virtues, domestic franchise businesses face many problems such as the instability of franchisor's business structure and weak financial conditions. To solve these problems, the government enacted legislation and strengthened franchise related laws. However, the strengthening of laws regulating franchisors had many side effects that interrupted the development of the franchise business. For example, legal regulations regarding franchisors have had the effect of suppressing the franchisor's leadership activities (e.g. activities such as the ability to advocate the franchisor's policies and strategies to the franchisees, in order to facilitate change and innovation). One of the main goals of the franchise business is to build cooperation between the franchisor and the franchisee for their combined success. However, franchisees can refuse to follow the franchisor's strategies because of the current state of franchise-related law and government policy. The purpose of this study to explore the effects of franchisor's leadership style on franchisee's commitment in a franchise system. We classified leadership styles according to the path-goal theory (House & Mitchell, 1974), and it was hypothesized and tested that the four leadership styles proposed by the path-goal theory (i.e. directive, supportive, participative and achievement-oriented leadership) have different effects on franchisee's commitment. Another purpose of this study to explore the how the level of franchisee's self-efficacy influences both the franchisor's leadership style and franchisee's commitment in a franchise system. Results of the present study are expected to provide important theoretical and practical implications as to the role of franchisor's leadership style, as restricted by government regulations and the franchisee's self-efficacy, which could be needed to improve the quality of the long-term relationship between the franchisor and franchisee. Quoted by Northouse(2007), one problem regarding the investigation of leadership is that there are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are people who have tried to define it. But despite the multitude of ways in which leadership has been conceptualized, the following components can be identified as central to the phenomenon: (a) leadership is a process, (b) leadership involves influence, (c) leadership occurs in a group context, and (d) leadership involves goal attainment. Based on these components, in this study leadership is defined as a process whereby franchisor's influences a group of franchisee' to achieve a common goal. Focusing on this definition, the path-goal theory is about how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish designated goals. Drawing heavily from research on what motivates employees, path-goal theory first appeared in the leadership literature in the early 1970s in the works of Evans (1970), House (1971), House and Dessler (1974), and House and Mitchell (1974). The stated goal of this leadership theory is to enhance employee performance and employee satisfaction by focusing on employee motivation. In brief, path-goal theory is designed to explain how leaders can help subordinates along the path to their goals by selecting specific behaviors that are best suited to subordinates' needs and to the situation in which subordinates are working (Northouse, 2007). House & Mitchell(1974) predicted that although many different leadership behaviors could have been selected to be a part of path-goal theory, this approach has so far examined directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership behaviors. And they suggested that leaders may exhibit any or all of these four styles with various subordinates and in different situations. However, due to restrictive government regulations, franchisors are not in a position to change their leadership style to suit their circumstances. In addition, quoted by Northouse(2007), ssubordinate characteristics determine how a leader's behavior is interpreted by subordinates in a given work context. Many researchers have focused on subordinates' needs for affiliation, preferences for structure, desires for control, and self-perceived level of task ability. In this study, we have focused on the self-perceived level of task ability, namely, the franchisee's self-efficacy. According to Bandura (1977), self-efficacy is chiefly defined as the personal attitude of one's ability to accomplish concrete tasks. Therefore, it is not an indicator of one's actual abilities, but an opinion of the extent of how one can use that ability. Thus, the judgment of maintain franchisee's commitment depends on the situation (e.g., government regulation and policy and leadership style of franchisor) and how it affects one's ability to mobilize resources to deal with the task, so even if people possess the same ability, there may be differences in self-efficacy. Figure 1 illustrates the model investigated in this study. In this model, it was hypothesized that leadership styles would affect the franchisee's commitment, and self-efficacy would moderate the relationship between leadership style and franchisee's commitment. Theoretically, quoted by Northouse(2007), the path-goal approach suggests that leaders need to choose a leadership style that best fits the needs of subordinates and the work they are doing. According to House & Mitchell (1974), the theory predicts that a directive style of leadership is best in situations in which subordinates are dogmatic and authoritarian, the task demands are ambiguous, and the organizational rule and procedures are unclear. In these situations, franchisor's directive leadership complements the work by providing guidance and psychological structure for franchisees. For work that is structured, unsatisfying, or frustrating, path-goal theory suggests that leaders should use a supportive style. Franchisor's Supportive leadership offers a sense of human touch for franchisees engaged in mundane, mechanized activity. Franchisor's participative leadership is considered best when a task is ambiguous because participation gives greater clarity to how certain paths lead to certain goals; it helps subordinates learn what actions leads to what outcome. Furthermore, House & Mitchell(1974) predicts that achievement-oriented leadership is most effective in settings in which subordinates are required to perform ambiguous tasks. Marsh and O'Neill (1984) tested the idea that organizational members' anger and decline in performance is caused by deficiencies in their level of effort and found that self-efficacy promotes accomplishment, decreases stress and negative consequences like depression and emotional instability. Based on the extant empirical findings and theoretical reasoning, we posit positive and strong relationships between the franchisor's leadership styles and the franchisee's commitment. Furthermore, the level of franchisee's self-efficacy was thought to maintain their commitment. The questionnaires sent to participants consisted of the following measures; leadership style was assessed using a 20 item 7-point likert scale developed by Indvik (1985), self-efficacy was assessed using a 24 item 6-point likert scale developed by Bandura (1977), and commitment was assessed using a 6 item 5-point likert scale developed by Morgan & Hunt (1994). Questionnaires were distributed to Korean optical franchisees in Seoul. It took about 20 days to complete the data collection. A total number of 140 questionnaires were returned and complete data were available from 137 respondents. Results of multiple regression analyses testing the relationships between the each of the four styles of leadership shown by the franchisor as independent variables and franchisee's commitment as the dependent variable showed that the relationship between supportive leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.13, p<.001),and the relationship between participative leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.07, p<.001)were significant. However, when participants divided into high and low self-efficacy groups, results of multiple regression analyses showed that only the relationship between achievement-oriented leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.14, p<.001) was significant in the high self-efficacy group. In the low self-efficacy group, the relationship between supportive leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.17, p<.001),and the relationship between participative leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.10, p<.001) were significant. The study focused on the franchisee's self-efficacy in order to explore the possibility that regulation, originally intended to protect the franchisee, may not be the most effective method to maintain the relationships in a franchise business. The key results of the data analysis regarding the moderating role of self-efficacy between leadership behavior style as proposed by path-goal and commitment theory were as follows. First, this study proposed that franchisor should apply the appropriate type of leadership behavior to strengthen the franchisees commitment because the results demonstrated that supportive and participative leadership styles by the franchisors have a positive influence on the franchisee's level of commitment. Second, it is desirable for franchisor to validate the franchisee's efforts, since the franchisee's characteristics such as self-efficacy had a substantial, positive effect on the franchisee's commitment as well as being a meaningful moderator between leadership and commitment. Third, the results as a whole imply that the government should provide institutional support, namely to put the franchisor in a position to clearly identify the characteristics of their franchisees and provide reasonable means to administer the franchisees to achieve the company's goal.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1_spc
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• pp.319-348
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• 2008

Self-efficacy, achievement goals, task value, and attribution are some of the representative motivation constructs that explain adolescents' cognition, affect, and behavioral patterns in achievement settings. These constructs have won researchers' recognition by demonstrating explanatory and predictive utility that transcends various social and cultural milieus learners are exposed to. Korean adolescents' motivation is generally in line with this universal trend and can be described adequately with these constructs. Nonetheless, there also exist a host of indigenous factors that shape these motivation constructs to be uniquely Korean. The purpose of the present article was to explore some of the socio-cultural factors that appear to wield particularly determining effects on Korean adolescents' academic motivation. Review of the relevant literature identified interdependent self-construal, traditional morals of filial piety, familism, educational fervor, academic elitism, and the college entrance system as important cultural, social, and policy-related such factors. Also discussed in this article were the roles of these factors in creating more immediate psychological learning environments for Korean adolescents, such as parent-child relationships, teacher-student relationships, and classroom goal structures.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.11
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• pp.83-100
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• 1998

The objective of our study is to build a theoretical framework for the examination of impacts of cross-functional integration upon new product development performance(NPDP). For this purpose, we have concentrated our efforts on systematically delving into how cross-functional integration factors affect upon the interdepartmental cooperation and upon the NPDP while dividing those critical integration factors into the structural and the infra-structural ones. We have selected interdepartmental job-rotation, consigning of papers, and cross-functional teem meeting as structural cross-functional integration factors. On the other hand, we have chosen Quality Functional Deployment(QFD), Concurrent Engineering(CE), and Evaluation and Reward Systems as those infra-structural cross-functional integration factors. After identifying those integration factors, we have carefully searched the relationship between those integration factors and those cooperation variables (interdepartmental common goal, interdepartmental interactions, and common sharing of ideas and informations) to look into how they affect upon the NPDP. Among cross-functional integration and NPDP related studies, our study is the first to show systematically how strongly infra-structural integration factors affect upon the achievement of interdepartmental cooperation and the improvement of NPDP. Considering the limitation of our resources and time available for this research, we have limited our study to building only a theoretical framework for future empirical studies to look into how cross-functional integration variables are related with NPDP.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.385-389
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of notes as learning activities on Blended-Learning of undergraduate students. For the research, students taking 'Chinese' in D university were participated, 65 students in spring semester and 255 students in fall semester in 2007. Blended-Learning have made progress to the students and a test of notes have taken two times. This study has employed the cases of 213 employees for the final analysis, while adopting correlation and regression to analyze the data for the research goal. In conclusion, notes as learning activities on Blended-Learning has positive correlations and no little effects on the academic achievements of undergraduate students. That is in Blended-Learning and e-learning, learning activities excluding tests and papers are related to academic achievement passively and affect it. Notes which is a evaluation of a progress of learning affecting academic achievements, means providing more practice and self-reflection opportunities in e-learning course through designing many different learning activities.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.51-58
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• 2013

Purpose - Nowadays, more than ever before, fierce competition, deep market segmentation, short product life cycles, and intensifying customer needs are putting increasing pressure on franchise's organizations to satisfy their customers by creating market-oriented relationships with and enhancing their market knowledge of them. One way that this might be achieved is by establishing deep ties (i.e., job commitment and job satisfaction) with their employees. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how two important constructs of franchises' strategic efforts, LO (learning orientation) and RMO (relationship marketing orientation), affect job satisfaction, given the mediating role of job commitment. A franchise system comprises a set of contractual arrangements by which mutual obligations are performed. An organizational learning goal motivates employees to improve their abilities and master the tasks they perform. Relationship marketing, in addition, is to identify, establish, maintain, and enhance relationships with customers and other stakeholders to ensure that the objectives of all parties are met and this is done through the mutual exchange of promises. In a relationship marketing orientation, then, a firm creates, maintains, and enhances a strong relationship with its customers by sustaining long-term ties. This study was designed to examine the evolution of various theoretical approaches to franchise systems in order to determine whether theories about firms have significantly affected the franchise system. To this end, the authors developed a structural model consisting of several constructs. Previous studies have suggested that franchises' learning and relationship marketing orientations are important occupational immersion dimensions driving job satisfaction. Research design, data, methodology - We empirically tested a process of how the learning orientation and the relationship marketing orientation influence job commitment and job satisfaction using survey data drawn from 150 responding franchisees who were interviewed about their individual tendencies. Results - The results of this study provide empirical evidence that learning orientation, relationship marketing orientation, and job commitment all influence franchisees' job satisfaction. The results of this study indicate that, first, learning orientation had a significant effect on job satisfaction; second, relationship marketing orientation was positively related to job commitment; third, job commitment had a significant effect on job satisfaction. We also found that relationship marketing orientation and job satisfaction were mediated by job commitment. Conclusions - The findings of this study confirm the importance of learning orientation and relationship marketing orientation in maintaining a positive marketing relationship between franchiser and franchisee from to the perspective of the market. This indicates that franchiser support such as educational programs provided by the franchiser will help franchisees attain higher business management achievement and satisfaction. Moreover, a positive relationship between franchisees and consumers can be maintained through tie effects. Our findings also suggest that learning orientation plays a critical role in job satisfaction within the franchise system.