한국 친환경농업단지의 왕우렁이 월동 및 분포특성 (Distribution Characteristics and Overwintering of Golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda:Ampullariidae) at the Environment-friendly complex in Korea)
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- 한국환경농학회지
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- 제40권4호
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- pp.279-289
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- 2021
BACKGROUND: Recently, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata has been used as an environmentally-friendly weed-control agent in rice farming. Although effective for this particular style of farming, P. canaliculata can be destructive to other crops. The objective of this study was to identify overwintering as well as regional and seasonal distribution characteristics of P. canaliculata. Notably, winter is typically fatal for P. canaliculata. However, owing to increasing average global temperatures, we assessed the ability of P. canaliculata to survive through uncharacteristically warm winters. METHODS AND RESULTS: To examine the distribution and overwintering regions of P. canaliculata, We conducted a survey from April 2020 to May 2021 on environmentally-friendly rice fields, agricultural waterways, and streams in 23 cities belonging to 8 provinces. In addition, because air temperature may influence the distribution density of P. canaliculata, we analyzed the winter temperature data (http://weather.rda.go.kr). CONCLUSION(S): In 2021, overwintering of P. canaliculata (1-3 individuals/m2) was observed in the Goheung and Yeongam regions in Jeonnam. Overwintering of P. canaliculata was observed in fewer regions in 2021 than in 2020; this fact may be attributed to the lower minimum temperatures measured in 2021 (approximately 8℃ lower) than those in 2020. Our results suggest that overwintering occurs as long as overnight temperatures are ≥ -15℃, but can take place if temperatures are as low as -19℃.
망간각의 지화학적, 광물학적 특성의 변화는 인근 환경 변화를 반영한다. 따라서 서태평양 마젤란해산군 OSM-XX의 망간각에 대한 특성 파악과 고해양 복원 연구를 위하여 지화학적, 광물학적 분석을 각각 micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) 과 X-ray diffraction (XRD)를 이용하여 실시하였다. OSM-XX의 망간각은 인산염화 여부 및 구조에 의해 인산염화 작용을 받은 부분(L4-L5), 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 치밀한 부분(L3), 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 다공성 부분(L1-L2)의 세 부분으로 구분되었다. 철망간 산화광물 층에서는 모두 버나다이트 피크가 확인되었으며, 인산염화 작용을 받은 부분은 carbonate fluorapatite(CFA)의 존재와 높은 Ca, P의 특성을 나타내었다. 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 치밀한 부분은 높은 Mn, Ni, Co를 나타내었고, 인산염화 작용을 받지 않은 다공성 부분은 높은 Fe값과 detritus quartz, feldspar가 확인되었다. OSM-XX의 망간각이 성장하는동안 나타난 특성의 변화는 인근 해양환경의 변화를 반영하였다. 약 51.87 Ma의 연대를 나타내는 망간각의 인산염 퇴적체는 약 36-32 Ma의 전지구적 인산염화 작용에 의해 형성된 것으로 보이며, 이는 당시의 상승된 해수면 높이와 낮은 해수온을 지시한다. 또한, 치밀한 구조에서의 높은 Mn, Ni, Co, Mn/Fe 비는 강화된 산소최소층과 환원환경을 지시하며, 다공성 구조에서의 높은 Fe와 낮은 Mn/Fe 비는 약화된 산소최소층과 산화환경을 지시한다. 이는 마이오세-올리고세 경계의 Mi-1 빙하기가 끝난 후 환경변화를 반영하였다. 9 Ma부터 이어진 한랭화의 결과로 인한 저층류와 산소최소층의 강화에 의해 망간각 최외각의 Mn/Fe 비와 Co/Mn 비가 미세하게 증가하였지만, 6 Ma부터 태평양에 발생한 탄산염 용해율의 감소로 성장속도의 감소를 야기하였다.
본 연구에서는 농촌진흥청에서 홍콩과학기술대학교와 국제공동연구를 통해 개발중인 1개월 농업기상 예측 시스템을 이용하여 2012-2022년 기간 동안 1개월 과거기후 예측 정보를 생산하고, 유효적산온도 기법을 적용하여 벼 수확일 전망 가능성을 살펴보았다. 상세한 기후정보를 얻기 위해, 지역기후모델(WRF)을 이용하여 전지구 기후예측 정보(CFSv2)를 남한지역에 대해 5 km 해상도로 규모축소하였다. 벼 수확일은 역학적 규모축소된 최고기온과 최저기온 과거예측 자료를 유효적산온도에 적용하여 추정하였다. 모형의 최고기온(최저기온)는 벼 생육기간(5월~10월)에 대해 관측과 비교하여 약 1.2 ℃ (0.1 ℃) 정도 과소모의하였다. 벼 수확일 추정 자료는 정성적으로 관측의 전반적인 공간 패턴을 모의하면서 지형효과에 의한 상세한 지역적 편차를 모의하였다. 그러나 음의 기온 오차가 유효적산온도에 투영되어, 예측자료에서 추정한 벼 수확일이 관측에서 추정한 벼 수확일과 비교하여 정량적으로 약 9일 늦게 모의하였다. 본 연구를 통해 1개월 기상예측 정보와 유효적산온도를 이용하여 남한 전역에 대해 공간적으로 연속적인 상세한(5 km) 벼 수확일 정보를 사전에 얻을 수 있는 가능성을 보았다. 예측정보의 신뢰성을 확보하고, 유효적산온도 뿐만 아니라 농업모형과 연계한다면 다양한 작목에 대한 농업정보들을 사전에 생산할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
국제사회는 IPCC를 중심으로 SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) 기후변화 시나리오를 새로운 온실가스 변화 경로로 채택하고, 신기후변화 시나리오 기반으로 다양한 규모와 형태로 기후변화를 전망하고 분석하고 있다. 국립농업과학원은 이러한 국제적 동향을 반영하고 농업부문 기후변화 적응대책 지원을 위한 노력의 일환으로 신규 온실가스 경로에 기반한 한반도 상세(1km) 기후변화 시나리오를 산출하였다. 본 논문은 2022년 "국가 기후변화 표준 시나리오" 로 인증받은 국립농업과학원의 SSP 기후변화 시나리오 자료를 소개하고, 기후변화 전망 결과를 보여주고자 한다. 한반도의 미래 기후 변화에 대한 전망 정보를 생산하기 위해 CMIP6에 참여한 18개의 GCM 모형에서 생산된 전지구 규모의 기후 자료를 과거기간(1985-2014)과 미래기간(2015-2100)에 대해 수집하고, 1km 격자형 한반도 전자기후도와 SQM 방법을 이용하여 한반도 영역에 대해 통계적 상세화를 수행하였다. 21세기 후반기(2071~2100년), 한반도의 연평균 최고, 최저기온은 온실가스 배출 정도에 따라 각각 2.6~6.1 ℃, 2.5~6.3 ℃ 상승하고, 연강수량은 21.5~38.7 % 상승하는 것으로 전망되었다. 저탄소 시나리오(SSP1-2.6)의 경우 기온과 강수량 상승이 적게 나타나, 탄소 배출을 감축하는 경우에 상승 폭을 억제할 수 있을 것으로 전망되었다. 21세기 후반기의 우리나라 평균 풍속과 일사량은 상대적으로 현재 대비 미래에 큰 변화가 없을 것으로 전망하고 있다. 이 자료는 기후변화에 따를 미래의 불확실성을 이해하고 기후변화 적응을 위한 합리적인 의사결정에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.
To prepare for the complicated international relationship regarding Korean Peninsula after reunification, this thesis started off with the awareness that Unified Korea should build its international posture and national security at an early stage by determining its appropriate military strength for independent defense and military strategies that Unified Korea should aim. The main theme of this thesis is 'The research on appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military'. To derive appropriate military strength of Unified Korea, this research focuses on conflict scenario and relative balance strategy based on potential threats posed by neighboring countries, and this is the part that differentiates this research from other researches. First of all, the main objective of the research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to secure defense sufficiency. For this, this research will decide efficient military strategy that Unified Korea should aim. Than by presuming the most possible military conflict scenario, this research will judge the most appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to overcome the dispute. Second, after deciding appropriate military strength, this research will suggest how to operate presumed military strength in each armed force. The result of this thesis is as in the following. First, Unified Korea should aim 'relative balance strategy'. 'Relative balance strategy' is a military strategy which Unified Korea can independently secure defense sufficiency by maintaining relative balance when conflicts occur between neighboring countries. This strategy deters conflicts in advance by relative balance of power in certain time and place. Even if conflict occurs inevitably, this strategy secures initiative. Second, when analyzing neighboring countries interest and strategic environment after unification, the possibility of all-out war will be low in the Korean Peninsula because no other nation wants the Korean Peninsula to be subordinated to one single country. Therefore appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military would be enough when Unified Korea can achieve relative balance in regional war or limited war. Third, Northeast Asia is a region where economic power and military strength is concentrated. Despite increasing mutual cooperation in the region, conflicts and competition to expand each countries influence is inherent. Japan is constantly enhancing their military strength as they aim for normal statehood. China is modernizing their military strength as they aspire to become global central nation. Russia is also enhancing their military strength in order to hold on to their past glory of Soviet Union as a world power. As a result, both in quality and quantity, the gap between military strength of Unified Korea and each neighboring countries is enlarged at an alarming rate. Especially in the field of air-sea power, arms race is occurring between each nation. Therefore Unified Korea should be equipped with appropriate military strength in order to achieve relative balance with each threats posed by neighboring countries. Fourth, the most possible conflicts between Unified Korea and neighboring countries could be summarized into four, which are Dokdo territorial dispute with Japan, Leodo jurisdictional dispute with China, territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korea Peninsula with China and disputes regarding marine resources and sea routes with Russia. Based on those conflict scenarios, appropriate military strength for Unified Korea is as in the following. When conflict occurs with Japan regarding Dokdo, Japan is expected to put JMSDF Escort Flotilla 3, one out of four of its Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Escort Fleet, which is based in Maizuru and JMSDF Maizuru District. To counterbalance this military strength, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of jurisdictional conflict with China concerning Leodo, China is expected to dispatch its North Sea fleet, one out of three of its naval fleet, which is in charge of the Yellow Sea. To response to this military action, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korean Peninsula with China, it is estimated that out of seven Military Region troops, China will dispatch two Military Region troops, including three Army Groups from Shenyang Military Region, where it faces boarder with the Korean Peninsula. To handle with this military strength, Unified Korea needs six corps size ground force strength, including three corps of ground forces, two operational reserve corps(maneuver corps), and one strategic reserve corps(maneuver corps). When conflict occurs with Russia regarding marine resources and sea routes, Russia is expected to send a warfare group of a size that includes two destroyers, which is part of the Pacific Fleet. In order to balance this strength, Unified Korea naval power requires one warfare group including two destroyers. Fifth, management direction for the Unified Korean military is as in the following. Regarding the ground force management, it would be most efficient to deploy troops in the border area with china for regional and counter-amphibious defense. For the defense except the border line with china, the most efficient form of force management would be maintaining strategic reserve corps. The naval force should achieve relative balance with neighboring countries when there is maritime dispute and build 'task fleet' which can independently handle long-range maritime mission. Of the three 'task fleet', one task fleet should be deployed at Jeju base to prepare for Dokdo territorial dispute and Leodo jurisdictional dispute. Also in case of regional conflict with china, one task fleet should be positioned at Yellow Sea and for regional conflict with Japan and Russia, one task fleet should be deployed at East Sea. Realistically, Unified Korea cannot possess an air force equal to neither Japan nor China in quantity. Therefore, although Unified Korea's air force might be inferior in quantity, they should possess the systematic level which Japan or China has. For this Unified Korea should build air base in island areas like Jeju Island or Ullenong Island to increase combat radius. Also to block off infiltration of enemy attack plane, air force needs to build and manage air bases near coastal areas. For landing operation forces, Marine Corps should be managed in the size of two divisions. For island defense force, which is in charge of Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, Dokdo Island and five northwestern boarder island defenses, it should be in the size of one brigade. Also for standing international peace keeping operation, it requires one brigade. Therefore Marine Corps should be organized into three divisions. The result of the research yields a few policy implications when building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea. First, Unified Korea requires lower number of ground troops compared to that of current ROK(Republic of Korea) force. Second, air-sea forces should be drastically reinforced. Third, appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military should be based on current ROK military system. Forth, building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea should start from today, not after reunification. Because of this, South Korea should build a military power that can simultaneously prepare for current North Korea's provocations and future threats from neighboring countries after reunification. The core of this research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to realize relative balance that will ensure defense sufficiency from neighboring countries threats. In other words, this research should precisely be aware of threats posed by neighboring countries and decide minimum level of military strength that could realize relative balance in conflict situation. Moreover this research will show the path for building appropriate military strength in each armed force.
온라인 커뮤니티에 대한 연구는 학자들과 실무자들의 많은 관심을 받아온 분야이다. 과거 많은 연구자들이 온라인 커뮤니티를 통해 큰 상업적 성과를 거둘 수 있다고 했지만 현실은 그렇지 못하며, 마케팅 연구 분야에서도 상업적 성공을 이끄는 변수들에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지지 못한 것이 사실이다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트들이 콘텐츠 관련 마케팅 노력을 통해 소비자들의 자아일치성을 높이고, 긍정적 체험을 유도하면서 커뮤니티 사이트 내에서 소비자 간 상호작용성 등을 높여 결국, 커뮤니티 사이트의 방문충성도 및 구매충성도를 실현시킬 수 있는 프레임 웍을 제시하였다. 연구결과 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트에서 소비자 간 상호작용성이 방문충성도 그리고 특히 구매충성도의 구축에 매우 중요한 요인으로 밝혀졌고, 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트에 대한 자아일치성 지각 및 긍정적인 소비자 체험 또한 소비자의 상호작용성, 방문충성도 그리고 커뮤니티에 대한 애정에 상당히 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이러한 매개변수에 주된 영향요소로서 콘텐츠 우수성, 사이트 생동감, 네비게이션용이성, 고객화 등의 콘텐츠 관련 마케팅 노력의 역할의 중요성을 강조하였다.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70