• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.162-165
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• 2005

A series of fluorine and hydroxyl containing jasmonate derivatives, which were chemically synthesized in our institute, were investigated for their effects on the biosynthesis and heterogeneity of ginsenosides in suspension cultures of Panax notoginseng cells. Com-pared to the control (without addition of elicitors), $100{\mu}M$ of each of the jasmonate was added on day 4 to the suspension cultures of P. notoginseng cells. It was observed that, jasmonates greatly enhanced the ginsenoside content and the ratio of Rb group to Rg group (i.e. $(Rb_1\;+\;Rd)/(Rg_1\;+\;Re)$ in the P. notoginseng cells. Some of the synthetic jasmonates, such as pentafluoropropyl jasmonate (PFPJA), 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate (HEJA) and 2-hydroxye-thoxyethyl jasmonate (HEEJA), could promote the ginsenoside content to $2.55\;\pm\;0.11,\;3.65\;\pm\;0.13\;and\;2.94\;\pm\;0.06$mg/100 mg DW, respectively, compared to that of $0.64\;\pm\;0.06$mg/100 mg DW for the control and $2.17\;\pm\;0.04$ mg/100 mg DW by the commercially available methyl jasmonate (MJA); and they could change the respective Rb:Rg ratio to $1.60\;\pm\;0.04,\;1.87\;\pm\;0.01\;and\;1.56\;\pm\;0.05$, compared to that of $0.47\;\pm\;0.01$ for the control and $1.42\;\pm\;0.06$ by MJA. The results suggest that suitable esterification of MJA with fluorine or hydroxyl group could in-crease the elicitation activity to induce plant secondary metabolism. The information obtained from this study is useful for hyper-production of heterogeneous products by plant cell cultures.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.271-275
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• 2011

In this study, ginseng flower water extracts were analyzed to set up the ginsenoside content and quality optimization condition. The highest total ginsenoside content among the ginseng flower water extracts was 67.44mg/g which was extracted at $85^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. In addition, the ginsenoside content decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The highest total content of $Rb_2$ and Re was 37.42mg/g at $75^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. Total content of $Rb_2$ and Re decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The highest prosapogenin ($Rg_2$ + $Rg_3$ + $Rh_1$) content among the total of ginseng flower water extracts was 18.58mg/g which was extracted at $95^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours. The sweetness, absorbance were increased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. But pH was decreased according to the increased extraction time.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2021

본 연구는 산양삼 7년근과 13년근을 대상으로 적변 유무에 따라 분류하고 적변에 따른 이들의 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 산양삼 재배지 9개소의 산양삼 지하부의 생육특성을 분석한 결과, 7년근과 13년근의 생육특성은 적변에 따른 유의적인 차이는 확인되지 않았다. 적변에 따른 연근별 산양삼의 진세노사이드 함량을 비교 분석한 결과, 7년근은 Rb1과 Rg1의 함량이 일반 산양삼에 비해 적변 산양삼에서 높았고, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg2는 적변 산양삼에 비해 일반 산양삼에서 유의적으로 높은 것을 확인하였으나 13년근의 진세노사이드 함량은 유의적인 차이를 확인할 수 없었다. 산양삼 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 일반 산양삼의 경우 진세노사이드 Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rf, Rg1이 산양삼의 지하부 길이와 유의적인 정의 상관관계를 보였고, 적변 산양삼은 진세노사이드 Rd가 지하부 길이와는 유의적인 정의 상관관계, 주근직 경과는 유의적인 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구에서는 7년근과 13년근 모두 적변 여부에 따른 생육특성의 차이는 확인되지 않았고, 7년근의 진세노사이드 함량은 적변에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보였지만 13년근은 유의적인 차이가 없는 것을 확인하였다. 임가에서 산양삼은 7년근에 비해 13년근이 보다 고가에 거래되는 만큼 본 연구의 결과를 통해 적변 산양삼에 대한 소비자들의 인식을 개선하여 산양삼 재배농가의 소득증대에 도움을 주고, 향후 산양삼의 품질규격을 정립하고 유통체계를 수립함에 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.531-533
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng has been used as Korean medicine for various diseases. It has antioxidant, hypotensive, sedative, analgesic, and endocrine activities. Dammarane-type triterpenes from the plant have various beneficial effects. Methods: A dammarane-type triterpene saponin was isolated from P. ginseng root through chromatography such as repeated column chromatography and medium pressure liquid chromatography. Results and conclusion: New dammarane-type triterpene saponin was isolated for the first time from nature. The structure was elucidated as ginsenoside Rg12 (1) based on spectral data. There may be good materials from P. ginseng for the development of industrial applications such as nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical purposes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.429-439
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• 2023

Background: The incidence and clinical importance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged. However, effective therapeutic strategies for NAFLD have yet to be found. Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) is a traditional herb in Eastern Asia with therapeutic effects in many chronic disorders. However, the precise effects of ginseng extract on NAFLD are currently unknown. In present study, the therapeutic effects of Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) on the progression of NAFLD were explored. Methods: Twelve-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a chow or western diet supplemented with high sugar water solution with or without Rg3-RGE. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serum biochemistry, western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR were used for in vivo experiment. Conditionally immortalized human glomerular endothelial cell (CiGEnC) and primary liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) were used for in vitro experiments. Results: Eight weeks of Rg3-RGE treatment significantly attenuated the inflammatory lesions of NAFLD. Furthermore, Rg3-RGE inhibited the inflammatory infiltrate in liver parenchyma and the expression of adhesive molecules to LSECs. Moreover, the Rg3-RGE exhibited similar patterns on the in vitro assays. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that Rg3-RGE treatment ameliorates NAFLD progression by inhibiting chemotaxis activities in LSECs.

• Near Infrared Analysis
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2000

The effective component Ginsenoside in Ginseng has been widely used to cure some hypochondriasis and be as supplementary medicines. There are many chemical analysis methods to measure the contents of Ginsenoside in Ginseng; however, all these methods have some shortcomings such as long time, environmental pollution and damaging the samples. In this paper, it is possible to use near infrared spectroscopy to measure the content of Ginsenoside in Ginseng without destruction. As the results, Rg1, Rb1, Re and T-Saponin of Ginsenoside can be measured with the accuracy of R(0.81) SEP (1.704 mg/g), R(0.74) SEP (1.211 mg/g), R (0.78) SEP (1.049 mg/g) and R(0.84), SEP(4.537 mg/g).

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2006

홍삼 제조공정을 단순화하면서 효율적으로 유효성분을 증대시키기 위해서 4년근 수삼을 구입하여 깨끗이 수세한 후 $96-98^{\circ}C$에 3시간 정도 수증기로 증삼한 후 30시간 정도 열풍건조하여 홍삼제조를 위한 간이법을 개발하였다. 제조한 홍삼으로부터 홍삼엑스($60^{\circ}$ brix 이상)를 제조하였으며 홍삼엑스의 추출수율은 60% 이상이었다. 간이법으로 제조한 홍삼을 재료로 하여 농축한 홍삼엑스의 사포닌 함량을 조사하기 위해서 HPLC를 이용하여 총 사포닌(total saponin)을 분석하였다. 그 결과 PD계 사포닌 중 암세포전이억제효과와 평활근이완작용이 탁월한 ginsenoside-Rg3에는 H사에 비하여 2배 이상 검출되었으며, 간상해 억제작용과 혈소판 응집억제작용이 있는 것으로 알려진 ginsenoside-Rh1종의 경우 3배 이상 검출이 되었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2014

This study compared the contents of ginseng prosapogenin depending on the extracting conditions of Skin White ginseng(Panax ginseng) to provide basic information for developing Skin White ginseng-based functional foods. Our findings show that the content of crude saponin peaked at 4 hours of extraction(SWG-4) and when extracted at $100^{\circ}C$. However, the content of total saponin reached its height at 8 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$(SWG-8). On the other hand, the content of prosapogenin reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$. And at $100^{\circ}C$ the main prosapogenin of the content of Red and Black ginseng ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$ reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2022

Background: Red Ginseng has been used for many years to treat diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3 has documented therapeutic effects, including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the anticancer effect of Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) and its underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. We investigated whether Rg3-RGE plays an anti-tumor role in lung cancer cells. Methods: To examine the effect of Rg3-RGE on lung cancer cells, we performed cell viability assays, flow cytometry, western blotting analysis, and immunofluorescence to monitor specific markers. Results: Rg3-RGE significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, Rg3-RGE also increased expression of mitophagy-related proteins such as PINK1 and Parkin. In addition, treatment with Rg3-RGE and mitophagy inhibitors stimulated cell death by inducing mitochondria dysfunction. Conclusions: Rg3-RGE could be used as a therapeutic agent against lung cancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenoside F1, a pharmaceutical component of ginseng, is known to have antiaging, antioxidant, anticancer, and keratinocyte protective effects. However, the usage of ginsenoside F1 is restricted owing to the small amount found in Korean ginseng. Methods: To enhance the production of ginsenoside F1 as a 10 g unit with high specificity, yield, and purity, an enzymatic bioconversion method was developed to adopt the commercial enzyme Cellulase KN from Aspergillus niger with food grade, which has ginsenoside-transforming ability. The proposed optimum reaction conditions of Cellulase KN were pH 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$. Results: Cellulase KN could effectively transform the ginsenosides Re and Rg1 into F1. A scaled-up biotransformation reaction was performed in a 10 L jar fermenter at pH 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 48 h with protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside mixture (at a concentration of 10 mg/mL) from ginseng roots. Finally, 13.0 g of F1 was produced from 50 g of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside mixture with $91.5{\pm}1.1%$ chromatographic purity. Conclusion: The results suggest that this enzymatic method could be exploited usefully for the preparation of ginsenoside F1 to be used in cosmetic, functional food, and pharmaceutical industries.