• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.477-492
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were 1) to identify incidence, severity and duration of morning sickness; 2) to explore the diet relieving nausea; and 3) the demographic factors related to morning sickness. The data were collected on 281 pregnant women by the questionnaire comprized of demographic variables, obstetric characteristics, and pattern of morning sickness from 6 weeks gestational period to 30 weeks, who visited prenatal clinic of three general hospitals and a public health center in Seoul. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and $x^2$ test, using the program of SPSS/WIN 8.0. The results were as follows; 1. Incidence of morning sickness comprised of 72.3% pregnant women. Occurrence of morning sickness was gestational mean of 5.93 weeks, and morning sickness ceased after gestational mean of 14.62 weeks. 2. Of those women who experienced morning sickness 27.9% had morning sickness in the morning and 19.7% in the afternoon, and 45.3% had morning sickness for 1 hour in duration and 19.2% throughout the entire day. 3. Of those pregnant women 51.2% had moderate discomfort and 33.5% had severe discomfort in morning sickness. The situations that triggered morning sickness were 'hunger' for 32.9%, 'smell' for 30.3%, and 'cooking' for 23.3%. 4. The affects of morning sickness to lifestyle were 'moderate change' for 39.9%, 'mild change' for 33.5%, and 'much change' for 23.6%. 5. To remedy morning sickness 34.6% of pregnant women tried to eat fruits, and 14.8% tried to drink carbonated beverage. The effective foods relieving morning sickness were fruits for 38.4%, carbonated beverage for 15.6% and dry carbohydrate for 12.0% of pregnant women. The ineffective foods relieving it were milk for 31.0% and dry carbohydrate for 23.7% of pregnant women. 6. The level of relieving of morning sickness by diet were 'mild' for 55.7%, 'no change' for 21.7%, and 'moderate' for 17.7% of pregnant women. 7. There was a significant association with morning sickness and age, but no significant associations with morning sickness and parity, educational level, occupation, type of marriage, and type of family.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2011

Experimental tracheal ligation (TL) has been shown to reverse the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and to normalize gas exchange. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the TL would correct the surfactant deficiency present in the fetal rabbit model of CDH by using lamellar body count. Lamellar bodies are synthesized and secreted by the type II pneumocytes of fetal lung. The phospholipids present in these bodies constitute the major component of pulmonary surfactant. Twenty-one pregnant New Zealand rabbits underwent hysterotomy and fetal surgery on gestational day 24. Two fetuses of each pregnant rabbit were operated. In the fetus of one end of bicornuate uterus, left DH was created by excision of fetal diaphragm through open thoracotomy (DH Group). In the fetus of the other end of bicornuate uterus, left DH and TL were created (TL Group). The fetuses were delivered by Cesarean section on gestational day 31. Fourteen in control group, 12 in the DH group and 13 in TL group were born alive. En bloc excision of lungs, bronchi and trachea was done in all newborn rabbits. A five Fr catheter was inserted through trachea and repeated irrigations with 10 cc normal saline were done. The irrigated fluid was centrifuged at $280{\times}g$ for 5 minutes and the lamellar bodies were counted with the upper level fluid in platelet channel of electronic cell counter. The average lamellar body counts were $37.1{\pm}14.2{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$ in control group, $11.5{\pm}4.4 {\times}10^3/{\mu}L$ in DH group, and $6.5{\pm}0.9{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$ in TL group. Lamellar body count in DH group was lower than in control group and did not increase after TL. This study shows TL has no therapeutic effect on decreased surfactant level of CDH and the pregnant rabbit is appropriate for the animal model of CDH.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.235-245
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• 2006

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) are ubiquitously distributed chemicals that are widely used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods. The aims of this study were to determine whether perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA could alter normal patterns of neonatal development. Dams were provided with pulverized soy-free diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4.000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 21. Exposure to the high doses of DBP, DINP and DEHA during gestational period significantly decreased food consumption and body weight gain of dams. These chemicals reduced neonatal body weight as well as that of the after maturation. Also, exposure to DINP of all the doses used and the higher doses (2,400 and 12,000 ppm) of DEHA decreased AGD at PND 1 in male neonates, though that to DBP did not affect AGD in males. In female neonates, an increase in AGD was observed in DBP- and DINP-exposed animals at the highest doses. Moreover, these chemicals affected survival rate of pups at PND 5, and delayed onset of eye opening in all chemica1-exposed groups at PND 17. These results suggest that perinatal exposure to these chemicals may affect the normal development and/or growth of offspring.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.877-886
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• 1999

To assess the effect of an antenatal nutritional status on pregnancy outcome, especially neonatal birty weight, one-day 24hr-recall and two-day recording methods for dietary survey and interview for general and obstetric characteristics of each subject were completed and pregnancy outcome was recorded by phone after delivery. 147 pregnant women attending routinely public health centers in Ulsan were divided into 1st trimester(n=36), 2nd trimester(n=102), 3rd trimester(n=71) by LMP(Last Menstrual Period) because some subjects attended repeatedly in different trimester. The subjects were aged 27.9$\pm$2.9 as mean and the level of education was senior high school and more. 20.4% of subjects experienced spontaneous abortion and 30.0% experienced induced abortion in previous pregnancy. Mean intakes of all nutrients except ascorbic acid were significantly different but dietary composition of energy intakes was not different between trimester. Mineral of calcium, iron and zinc did not meet the RDA for pregnancy outcome was about 20%, which consists of spontaneous abortion (3.4%), caesarian section(15.6%), premature delivery(0.7%) and still births(0.7%). The mean birth weight of neonates is 3.31kg the rate of neonatal birth weight below 10th percentile was 8.4% and the rate of low birth weight(<2.5kg) was 3.1%. By analysis of nutrient factors that influence on the neonatal birth weight (NBW), iron intake correlated negatively and zinc intake correlated positively with NBW in 1st trimester but fat and iron intakes correlated with NBW positively in 3rd trimester. Prepregnancy weight, gestational age at delivery and No. of induced abortion had a positive effects on NBW and No. of spontaneous abortion and te severity of morning sickness had a negative effects on NBW.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1105-1111
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• 1996

Breast milk production and factors related to milk production were examined by test-weighting method in the part of Kangwon Province longitudinally from 0.5 to 5 months of postpartum. Milk production of total mothers averaged 639, 789, 871, 843, 848 and 851g/day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of postpartum respectively. Mean Milk production of multiparae appeared significantly higher than those of primiparac. The number of feed per day showed decreasing trend from 9.6 to 8.4 during the lactation. Mature milk production had a correlation with transitional milk production and no correlation with infants weight at birth, gestational period and weight gain during pregnancy of mothers. The energy, protein and lipid consumption of total mothers had a positive correlation with breast milk production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.506-511
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• 1997

In order to investigate the body weight change and human milk intake of breast-fed infants, we examined thirty-three infants with test-weing method in Sokcho area during the first 5 months of lactation. The average birth weight of infants was 3300g. They grew 3300, 3805, 4676, 5878, 6786, 7403, and 8111g when they became 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months old. The is human milk intake was 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 796g/day during the lactatin. Human milk intake of boys was significantly higher than that of girls at 1(p<0.05), 2(p<0.01), and 3(p<0.01) months of lactation. During lactatin, the number of feedings per day decrerased. The human milk intakes per feeding had increased from 54.4g at 0.5 months to 98.9g at 5 months of lactation The human milk intake on infants was not affected by gestational period and birth weight. From this survey, we found a difference between boys and girls in human milk intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.591-598
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• 1994

The longitudinal changes in transitional milk intakes and body weight of infants(18 boys, 10 girls) have been studied in the part of Kangwon Province from 7 days to 15 days postpartum. Milk intakes at 7, 10, 15 days postpartum were 474$\pm$155, 524$\pm$154 and 547$\pm$130g, respectively. The mean milk intakes were 515g from 7 to 15 days postpartum. Milk intakes of boys were significantly higher than those of girls. The transitional milk intakes per weight of infants appeared 147$\pm$41g/kg. The number of feed per day of boys were significantly higher than those of girls. Milk intakes per fed were 56$\pm$20g. The transitional milk intakes were affected by gestational period(p<0.05), maternal height(p<0.05) and mother's transitional milk yields (p<0.001). Infants transitional milk intakes were 82.6$\pm$17.0% of mothers transitional milk yields. Infants gained its weight 24.6, 40.1 and 39.0g/day at, 7, 10, 15 days postpartum, respectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was performed to examine the relationship between maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and pregnancy outcomes (low birth weight or preform baby) in a prospective cohort study. Methods : We made a pregnant women's cohort, and followed the pregnancy outcomes, between May 1st 2001 and August 31st 2002. We surveyed 2,250 women who visited our hospital during their 35th gestational week, with a self-administered questionnaire. The final total of mother-infant pairs analyzed in this study was 1,712. We used a multiple logistic regression analysis to analyze the effect of maternal ETS on the incidence of preform or low birth weight, and a linear regression analysis for the birth weight and gestational age. Results : Higher exposure to ETS (>=1 hours/day) during pregnancy was more negatively associated with the gestational age and birth weight, than no exposure to ETS (no or less than 1 hour). Maternal exposure to ETS was associated with preform baby(adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 3.3) and low birth weight (AOR 2.3; 95% CI 0.9, 5.5). In addition, we found that maternal ETS may reduce the birth weight by 70g after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Conclusions : This study suggests that maternal exposure to ETS during pregnancy may increase the frequency of low birth weights and preform births.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial detection time and development of the fetal genital structures using ultrasound in twelve pregnant small bitches. The initial detection time of the fetal genital structures was as follows: genital tubercle at days 32.6; os penis at days 45.2; labia at days 45.7; scrotum at days 47.5. Ultrasonograms of fetal genital structure according to gestational stage were as follows: Undifferentiated stage (before day 35), the genital tubercle was observed to have a small elevation and just a hyper-echogenic structure in the midline between the umbilical cord and the tail in male and female fetus. Migration stage (between day 35~45), the genital tubercle was observed as a hyper-echogenic, bilobular, oval shaped and the genital tubercle began to migrate from the initial position toward the umbilical cord in males, and toward the tail in females. Differentiated stage (after day 46), the penis and os penis were observed to stand out in the abdominal wall and the scrotum was observed toward the perineal region in male fetuses. The labia was detected at the base of the tail in female fetuses. These results indicate that ultrasound of fetal genital structures could be useful for fetal gender determination and a completely prepartum evaluation of the canine fetus.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2015

Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC), is clinically administered to woman at risk for premature labor to induce fetal lung maturation. However, exposure to repeated or excess GCs leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and subsequently increases risk of psychiatric and cardio-metabolic diseases in later life through fetal programming mechanisms. GCs are key mediators of stress responses, therefore, maternal nutrient restriction or psychological stress during pregnancy also causes negative impacts on birth and neurodevelopment outcome of fetuses, and other congenital defects, such as craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. In this study, to examine the effect of prenatal stress on fetal skeletal development, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg [DEX1] or 10 mg/kg [DEX10] maternal body weight per day) was administered intraperitoneally at gestational day 7.5~9.5 and the skeletons were prepared from embryos at day 18.5. Seven out of eighteen (39%) embryos treated with DEX10 showed axial skeletal abnormalities in either the T13 or L1 vertebrae. In addition, examination of the sternum revealed that xiphoid process, the protrusive triangular part of the lower end of the sternum, was bent more outward or inward in DEX group embryos. In conclusion, our findings suggest a possible link to the understanding of the effect of uterine environment to the fetal skeletal features.