• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2024

Recently, the technology of autonomous driving, one of the core of the fourth industrial revolution, is developing, but sensor-based autonomous driving is showing limitations, such as accidents in unexpected situations, To compensate for this, HD-map is being used as a core infrastructure for autonomous driving, and interest in the public and private sectors is increasing, and various studies and technology developments are being conducted to secure the latest and accuracy of HD-map. Currently, NGII will be newly built in urban areas and major roads across the country, including the metropolitan area, where self-driving cars are expected to run, and is working to minimize data error rates through quality verification. Therefore, this study analyzes the spatial relationship of reference objects in the attribute structuring process for rapid and accurate renewal and production of HD-map under construction by NGII, By applying the attribute input automation methodology of the reference object in which spatial relations are established using the library of open source-based PyQGIS, target sites were selected for each road type, such as high-speed national highways, general national highways, and C-ITS demonstration sections. Using the attribute automation tool developed in this study, it took about 2 to 5 minutes for each target location to automatically input the attributes of the spatial relationship reference object, As a result of automation of attribute input for reference objects, attribute input accuracy of 86.4% for high-speed national highways, 79.7% for general national highways, 82.4% for C-ITS, and 82.8% on average were secured.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.177-190
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• 2013

Air pollution trends in Japan between 1970 and 2012 were analyzed, and the impact of air pollution countermeasures was evaluated. Concentrations of CO decreased from 1970 to 2012, and in 2012, the Japanese environmental quality standard (EQS) for CO was satisfied. Concentrations of $SO_2$ dropped markedly in the 1970s, owing to use of desulfurization technologies and low-sulfur heavy oil. Major reductions in the sulfur content of diesel fuel in the 1990s resulted in further decreases of $SO_2$ levels. In 2012, the EQS for $SO_2$ was satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations. Concentrations of $NO_2$ decreased from 1970 to 1985, but increased from 1985 to 1995. After 1995, $NO_2$ concentrations decreased, especially after 2006. In 2012, the EQS for $NO_2$ was satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations, except those alongside roads. The annual mean for the daily maximum concentrations of photochemical oxidants (OX) increased from 1980 to 2010, but after 2006, the $98^{th}$ percentile values of the OX concentrations decreased. In 2012, the EQS for OX was not satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations. Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentrations generally decreased from 1976 to 2012. In 2011, NMHC concentrations near roads and in the general environment were nearly the same. The concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) generally decreased. In 2011, the EQS for SPM was satisfied at 69.2% of ambient air monitoring stations, and 72.9% of roadside air-monitoring stations. Impacts from mineral dust from continental Asia were especially pronounced in the western part of Japan in spring, and year-round variation was large. The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ generally decreased, but the EQS for $PM_{2.5}$ is still not satisfied. The air pollution trends were closely synchronized with promulgation of regulations designed to limit pollutant emissions. Trans-boundary OX and $PM_{2.5}$ has become a big issue which contains global warming chemical species such as ozone and black carbon (so called SLCP: Short Lived Climate Pollutants). Cobeneficial reduction approach for these pollutants will be important to improve both in regional and global atmospheric environmental conditions.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2019

Purpose: No previous study has assessed elderly pedestrian traffic accidents based on a nationwide database. This study aimed to help primary physicians who examine patients in emergency departments to determine and make prompt and accurate treatment decisions. Methods: This study used data from the Emergency Department-based Injury Indepth Surveillance from 2013 to 2017, managed by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pedestrians aged ${\geq}65years$ were included, and using multivariate logistic regression multiple factors were analyzed to determine their relationship with injury severity. Results: Of 227,695 subjects, 6,498 were included, of whom 2,065 (31.8%) were severely injured. There were more female than male patients in all severity groups. Most accidents occurred in the afternoon and on general roads. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of injury severity for male pedestrians was 1.165 (95% confidence interval: 1.034-1.313, p=0.012). Older age of patients and the use of ambulances were associated with greater injury severity. The accident time affected the degree of injury severity; i.e., compared to dawn, injury severity increased in the morning (OR: 1.246, p=0.047) and decreased at night (OR: 0.678, p<0.001). A significant difference was noted in the correlation between the type of vehicle causing the accident and the accident severity; i.e., motorcycle accidents had lower severity than bicycle accidents (OR: 0.582, p=0.047). Conclusions: Injury severity was correlated with sex, age, transportation to the ED, TA onset time, and type of vehicle. The study results suggest that injury severity may be positively reflected in initial assessments and overall integrated treatments by physicians and in the related policies.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

KICT has been carrying out inventory research on the cut slopes of national roads. Inventory research results are basic data to cut slope management system. Inventory data are classified by general status, cut slope characteristics and inspector opinion. Inventory data are utilized to figure out dangerous slopes and decide survey ranking of detailed safety diagnostication. This paper drew the distribution area of dangerous cut slopes using inventory data in Chungcheongdo, and verified efficiency on distribution area of dangerous cut slopes by comparing occurrence frequency of real collapsed cut slopes.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.39-46
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• 2010

The past studies on reinforced earth retaining wall have been mostly focused on the internal and external failure of reinforced earth retaining wall, and the research for external impact was limited on earthquake. However, the potential external impact such as vehicle collision to reinforced earth retaining wall near the road are increasing with development of roads. Therefore, in this study, the reinforced earth retaining wall was modeled by using LS-DYNA, which is a general purpose finite element program recognized for its reliability. The behavior of reinforced earth retaining wall by vehicle speed was analyzed with Ford single unit truck offered by NCAC (National Crash Analysis Center), which is 8 tons weight. In addition, in order to obtain stability of reinforced earth retaining wall for vehicle collision, the gravity retaining wall was applied at the bottom of reinforced earth retaining wall. With varying the height of retaining wall (0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m), the numerical study was performed to analyze the stability and behavior of reinforced earth retaining wall.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.352-362
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• 2019

The old residences and shops in the backside blocks are affected by the traffic noises from the main road. The noise of the backside roads is affected by the following factors such as the height of the roadside buildings, the distance between the road and the backside streets, distance among adjacent roadside buildings, and the difference of the adjacent building heights. The both noise levels on the road and the backside street were measured simultaneously in 15 urban blocks of a city which can be categorized into two types of roadside building plans ; 1) one single building along the street, 2) buildings arranged on one axis beside the road. As the results, there is no significant noise reduction due to the width of the buildings in general. However, in the cases of buildings arranged on one axis beside the road, it was found that the average noise reduction was 12 dB(A) on the basis of the building height of 4 m. Also, it was analysed that for each 4 m increase in the building height, noise reduction occurred by 2 dB(A) beyond building height of 4 m. In general, it was proved that the noise of the back streets is mainly affected by the lowest height of the roadside buildings. It was found that noise is increased by 1 dB(A) for each 4 m increase of the height difference between adjacent buildings. Also, It was revealed that for each 0.5 m increase in the distance between roadside building, noise reduction decreased by 1 dB(A).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.69-84
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• 2020

Up to date, the majority research on the major landscape elements in organic farming has been mainly focused on the practice of seeking efficiency. The problem is that this type of study contributes to polluting the agricultural environment and damaging the ecological circulation system. As an alternative, there is a growing body of research on organic farming, but it is not widely applied that research on how to manage the landscape considering the scenic characteristics of farming villages practicing organic farming. Hence, in this paper we utilized landscape adjectives as a way to enhance the objectivity of the organic agricultural complex landscape assessment. More specifically, not only this study used a landscape image of an organic agricultural complex to identify a landscape adjective suitable for the landscape elements but also this study confirmed the suitability of landscape adjectives comparing to the opinions of experts and the public. To carry out, this study performed the experts survey which is composed of 12 major landscape elements, including rice paddies and fields, monoculture and diverse crops, dirt roads, windbreak trees, accent planting, dum-bung(small pond), natural small river, natural waterways, plastic film houses, one-storied houses, and pavilion. As a result of deriving the landscape adjectives from the main landscape elements, there were nine landscape adjectives that were consistent with experts and the public, including "clear" and "Artless" for rice paddies and fields, while the mismatched landscape adjectives were 'traditional'. The accent planting was a combination of landscape adjectives such as 'natural' and 'clear', while the windbreak trees was a consensus of all landscape adjectives. Only two adjectives, 'friendly' and 'wild', agreed on the dirt load, nine dum-bung(small pond), ten natural small river, nine duckery, eight one-storied houses, 10 pavilion, eight monoculture and diverse crops, and three natural waterways. The most common landscape adjectives were windbreak trees, pavilions, and natural small river, all 10 landscape adjectives. However, it is considered that only three of the 10 landscape types on the dirt road and the natural number are matched. Thus, additional management measures will be needed. In addition, it was analyzed that the most common landscape adjectives were "Artless" and "friendly" 13 times. The landscape adjectives of the organic farming complex responded by experts were analyzed to be suitable for natural, clear, zingy, silent, traditional, artless, friendly, wild and Leisurely, and consistent with the general public's opinion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2021

Due to recent climate change, the flood damage is becoming larger due to the development of localized heavy rains. 2020.12 The Ministry of Environment provides 100-year flood flood map, but in the case of small rivers, river structures are designed at 50-80 years frequency, making it difficult to predict damage and provide evacuation information. This study prepared flood map of Donamcheon district in Geumnam-myeon, Sejong Special Self-Governing Province, which is a small stream and habitual flood zone. The flood level was calculated using HEC-RAS and the flood area was visualized through HEC-GeoRAS. The analysis results showed that property damage such as special crops and roads occurred during the 30-80 year frequency rainfall, and it affected private houses such as general residential areas and public land when the frequency occurred for 100 years. The results of the comparison and analysis of the flood map provided by the Ministry of Environment and the results of the HEC-GeoRAS simulation showed that the flood map provided by the Ministry of Environment did not consider small streams. Further studies on flood flood maps considering the large and small stream are needed in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

In urban areas, structures are installed deep underground in the lower part of the structure to utilize space. Therefore, a retaining wall is used to prevent earth pressure from the ground when constructing a structure. Due to the development of construction technology, retaining wall applied to excavation work are used to prevent danger such as falling rocks and landslides in temporary facilities when construction or retaining walls are installed. In general, the application of a retaining wall to a temporary facility during the embankment construction is the case of expanding an existing roads or railways. Therefore, it is necessary to study the retaining wall applied to the embankment construction such as the double-track site of the high-speed railway. In this study, two types of common one row H-pile retaining wall and two types of IER retaining wall were analyzed, and the stability of the retaining wall applied to the construction of double-track of the high-speed railway was analyzed. The earth retaining wall is a construction method that combines forced pile applied to the stabilization of the slope with the wall of the earth retaining wall. As a result of the analysis, the IER retaining wall had maximum lateral displacement of 19.0% compared to the type with H-plie installed only in the front while dynamic load was applied. In addition, the slower the speed of high-speed railway, the more displacement occurred, and the results show that more caution is needed when designing the ground in low-speed sections.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.323-336
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• 2022

Steel truss bridge is one of the most widely used bridge types in Indonesia. Out of all Indonesia's national roads, the number of steel truss bridges reaches 12% of the total 17,160 bridges. The application of steel truss bridges is relatively high considering this type of bridge provides advantages in the standardization of design and fabrication of structural elements for typical bridge spans, as well as ease of mobilization. Directorate of Road and Bridge Engineering, Ministry of Works and Housing, has issued a standard design for steel truss bridges commonly used in Indonesia, which is designed against the design load in SNI 1725-2016 Bridge Loading Standards. Along with the development of actual traffic load measurement technology using Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM), traffic loading data can be utilized to evaluate the reliability of standard bridges, such as standard steel truss bridges which are commonly used in Indonesia. The result of the B-WIM measurement on the Central Java Pantura National Road, Batang - Kendal undertaken in 2018, which supports the heaviest load and traffic conditions on the national road, is used in this study. In this study, simulation of a sequences of traffic was carried out based on B-WIM data as a moving load on the Australian type Steel Truss Bridge (i.e., Rangka Baja Australia -RBA) structure model with 60 m class A span. The reliability evaluation was then carried out by calculating the reliability index or the probability of structural failure. Based on the analysis conducted in this study, it was found that the reliability index of the 60 m class Aspan for RBA bridge is 3.04 or the probability of structural failure is 1.18 × 10^-3, which describes the level of reliability of the RBA bridge structure due to the loads from B-WIM measurement in Indonesia. For this RBA Bridge 60 m span class A, it was found that the calibrated nominal live load that met the target reliability is increased by 13% than stated in the code, so the uniform distributed load will be 7.60 kN/m² and the axle line equivalent load will be 55.15 kN/m.