• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.539-547
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Semisulcospira libertina extract on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine in rats. After the administration of S. libertina extract, the local fat degeneration and infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver tissues were significantly decreased and peripheral hemorrhages around portal triads and central necrosis around central veins were found to be protective. The elevated levels of plasma ALT, AST, and LDH, the ALP activation lipid peroxidation, and the lipid contents of a damaged liver were recovered in experimental rats administrated with S. libertina extract, suggesting its role in blood enzyme activation and lipid content restoration within damaged rat liver tissues. Moreover, the expression rate of TNF-α, which accelerates inflammation and induces tissue damage and necrosis, was significantly decreased. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were more effectively upregulated compared to those of the control group induced hepatotoxicity. All data showed that S. libertina extract has a preventive role against liver damages, such as inflammation and tissue necrosis, as instigated with D-galactosamine by improving the activities of blood enzymes and antioxidant enzymes and modulating the expression of inflammation factor, suggest S. libertina extract is an effective medicinal resource for the restoration of hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.85-94
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effect of pharmacopuncture of Mori Cortex on galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups; Normal, liver injury not induced and not treated group. Control, the liver injury-induced and not treated group. Saline group, the liver injury-induced and saline injection at $BL_{18}$. HA-1 and HA-2 group, the liver injury-induced and pharmacopuncture of Mori Cortex applied to $BL_{18}$, each $1.3{\mu}g/g$, $2.6{\mu}g/g$. Then we observed the changes of ${\gamma}$-GTP, GOT, GPT, LDH, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin. Results : Pharmacopuncture of Mori Cortex treatment significantly inhibited the activities of ${\gamma}$-GTP, GOT, total cholesterol, triglyceride and total bilirubin in HA-1 group. ${\gamma}$-GTP, GTP, LDH, ${\gamma}$-GTP levels were significantly inhibited in HA-2 group. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that the reduce of hepatic enzyme activation and lipid accumulation by pharmacopuncture of Mori Cortex may be by an antioxidant properties of Mori Cortex.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.341-347
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• 1990

The anti-hepatotoxic activity of Panax ginseng was studied using galactosamine (GalN)-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Panax ginseng was fractionated into dammarane glycosides and protein fractions. The dammarane glycosides was further fractionated into panaxadiol and panaxatriol glycosides fractions. The protein fraction was further fractionated into four groups according to the molecular weight; larger than 10,000 dalton, between 5,000 and 10,000 dalton, between 1,000 and 5,000 dalton and between 500 and 1,000 dalton. A significant lowering action on the elevated glutamicpyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity in the culture medium of hepatocytes treated with 1.5 mM GalN was noticed with all four protein fractions studied at the concentration of both $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. However, the effect of dammarane glycosides fractions was not significant. It was noted that the addition of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ of protein fractions smaller than 5,000 dalton significantly enhanced the syntheses of protein and RNA in the damaged hepatocytes induced by the treatment of 1.5 mM GalN. Dammarane glycosides fractions significantly enhanced protein synthesis at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ in the damaged hepatocytes by treatment of 1.5 mM GalN.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 2007

The protective effect of xBrassicoraphanus (BR) on liver inhury was evaluated in the rats with liver injury induced by i.p. injection of D-galactosamine (GalN) following 2 week oral treatment of ethanol extract of xBrassicoraphanus (EBR). EBR (200 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the levels of ALT, AST, SDH, ${\gamma}-GT$, ALP, LDH and lipid peroxidation compared with GalN treated control, while EBR at 100 mg/kg significantly suppressed AST and ${\gamma}-GT$. Similarly, EBR at 200 mg/kg significantly attenuated the levels of Phase I enzymes such as XO, AO, AH and AD as well as significantly increased the levels of Phase II enzymes such as SOD, catalase and GSH-Px in the GalN treated rats. Taken together, these results indicate that the ethanol extract of xBrassicoraphanus may have a hepatoprotective effect against GalN induced liver injury, suggesting the ethanol extract of xBrassicoraphanus can be applied as hepatoprotective functional food. However, its mechanism should be further studied in molecular and cellular view points.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2006

Objectives : Propolis and Hovenia dulcis Thunb. has been used as treatment of diseases in the Korean medicine. In this study, we investigated that the hepatoprotective effects of Propolis oral administration according to mixture with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. on ${\gamma}-GTP$, GOT, GPT, Total bilirubin, LDH, ALP, Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, SOD, activity of catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase in galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver in rats. Methods : The animals were divided into 5 groups. Control, the liver injury-induced and not treated group. Pro1, liver injury and administrated propolis. Pro2, liver injury and administrated propolis capsule. Pro3, liver injury and administrated mixture of propolis capsule with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Pro4, liver injury and administrated mixture of Propolis capsule with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. and Artemisia capillaris Thunb.. Animals were treated by Oral administration of Propolis, Hovenia dulcis Thunb., and Artemisia capillaris Thunb. mixture ltime 2 days for 14 days. Results : The Pro1 group was significantly increased on ${\gamma}-GTP$ and activity of Glutathione peroxidase but decreased on GOT in serum as compared with the control group. The Pro2 group was significantly increased on WBC, RBC, Hct, HGB in serum and activity of CuZnSOD as compared with the control group. The Pro 3 group was decreased on Total bilirubin, increased on LDH, WBC, RBC, Hct and HGB in serum as compared with the control group. The Pro 4 group was decreased on GOT in serum as compared with the control group. Conclusion : By evaluating the liver function and lipid metabolism, Pro3 had a hepatoprotective effect on the prevention of hepatotoxity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

To evaluate hepatoprotective effects of G009, an hepatoprotective agent which was extracted from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009, we were, studied using $CCl_4$-and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The ratio of liver weight to body weight, the value of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities, the change of a lipids in serum, and the inhibitory activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in serum and liver homogenate were determined in rats. G009 was not significantly changed of the ratio of liver weight to body weight and the content of lipids in serum, but reduced the serum GOT and GPT values in $CCl_4$-and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Especially, protective effect of G009 on rat hepatic injuries induced by galactosamine was significantly appeared. $CCl_4$ increased markedly the formation of lipid peroxides in the liver homogenate, and serum. The increase of lipid peroxides by $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity was markedly reduced by the treatment with G009. These results suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of G009 may be correlated with its anti-lipid peroxidative activity, therefore, it may be potential agent for hepatic disease.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.96-96
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• 1993

간부분 절제술을 하지 않는 비수술적 방법으로서 D-galactosamine을 이용한 중기발암성 시험의 개발을 목적으로 F344 수괵 랫드를 이용하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 I 에서는 실험방법에 따라 3가지 모델로 구분하고, 각 모델에 처치군과 대조군을 두었다. 모델 1 에서는 실험개시시에 diethylinitrosamine (DEN)을 200 mg/kg body weight로 복강내로 1회 투여하고, 실험개시후 2및 5주에 D-galactosamine을 300 mg/kg body weight로 복강내로 각각 1회 투여하였다. 처치군에는 실험개시후 2주부터 6주간 2-acetylaminofluorene을 0.01%로 혼합한 사료를 급여하였으며, 대조군에는 기초사료를 계속 급여하였다. 모델 2에서는 모델 1의 4주차까지의 처치를 2회 반복하였다. 모델 3은 간부분 절제술을 하는 DEN-PH (diethylnitrosamine-partial hepatectomy) 모델과 같은 방법으로 처치하였다. 사육기간 중 매주 체중 및 사료소비량을 측정하였고, DEN 투여후 8주에 전동물을 부검하여 적출한 간의 중량을 측정하고, glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) 양성 foci에 대한 면역조직화학적 염색표본을 만들어 GST-P 양성 foci의 수 및 면적을 측정하였다. 실험 II에서는 모델 1의 방법으로 phenobarbital(PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), n-ethyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine 및 3,3'-diaminobenzidine외 GST-P 양성 foci의 발현정도를 조사하였다. 실험 I의 결과, 모델 1이 정상적인 체중 증가를 보여주었으며, 간조직의 GST-P 양성 foci 의 발현율이 가장 좋았다. GST-P 양성 foci의 면적은 큰것 부터 미상엽, 내측우엽, 외측우엽의 순으로 나타났으나 foci의 수는 모델별로 다르게 나타났다. 실험 II의 PB 투여군과 3-MC 투여군에서 GST-P 양성 foci의 수 및 면적의 유의성 있는 증가가 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼때, 비수술적 방법인 D-galactosamine 을 이용한 중기 발암성 검색법은 간부분 절제술을 이용한 중기발암성 검색법에 비하여 GST-P 양성foci의 발현능력이 동등하거나 더 우수하였으며, 간 및 간이외 장기의 발암물질에 대한 발암성 검색에 보다 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.411-429
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• 1997

Recent survey shows that chronic liver disease such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatoma is the third leading causes for death in Korea. In oriental medicine, viral hepatitis is related to Hwangdal(黃疸) and alcoholic liver disease is related to Joosang(酒傷). ARTEMISIAE HERBA and PUERARIAE RADIX have long been used in treating those symptoms. This study was done to evaluate the effect of AR1EMISIAE HERBA and PUERARIAE RADIX on viral and alcoholic hepatitis. ARTEMISIAE HERBA and PUERARIAE RADIX were decocted respectively with water and followed by vaccum evaporation. The solution was diluted to adequate concentration. Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experiment. Each group was given PUERARIAE RADIX or ARTEMISIAE HERBA solution orally and CCl4, d-galactosamine or alcohol was given orally 30 minutes later. After 24 hours of starvation, blood samples were taken to check serum GOT, GPT, LDH and ALP activities, TC, TG, glucose and BUN levels. These results show that ARTEMISIAE HERBA has better effect on liver injury induced by d-Galactosamine than PUERARIAE RADIX and that both ARTEMISIAE HERBA and PUERARlAE RADIX have good effect on acute alcoholic liver disease while in the liver injury induced by $CCl_{4}$, PUERARIAE RADIX has better inhibitory effect on serum AST, ALT and ALP levels and ARTEMISIAE HERBA has better inhibitory effect on serum total cholesterol and triglyceride. And the result that high concentration group has better effect shows these effects are concentration-dependent. Further study on the mechanism of these herbs is still required.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

Objectives : To investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Gardeniae Fructus (Ga) and Glycine semen preparatum (Gl) aqueous extract against D-galactosamine (D-GalN, 300mg/kg body weight) was administered to the male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and Methods : The study was carried out on male SD rats (age matched, weight $250{\pm}10$ g). Experimental groups (Exp) divided four : Normal group (Nor) was administered saline, Control (Con) group was only received D-GalN (300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Exp was orally administered Ga (200 mg/kg; Ga group), Gl (700 mg/kg; Gl group), and Chizadochi-Tang (200 mg/kg+700 mg/kg, GG group) after D-GalN treatment during 14 days (n=6). Results : D-GalN administration induced hepatotoxicity in rats which was manifested by increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) but decreased total cholesterol (HDL C) and triglyceride (TG). The serum TG concentrations were significantly increased ($^{\sharp}p$ <0.05) in the Ga group compared with Con. AST and ALP activities were significantly decreased ($^{\sharp}p$ <0.05) in the all experimental groups compared with Con. ALT activities were significantly decreased ($^{\sharp}p$ <0.05) in the Ga group compared with Con. LDH activities were significantly decreased ($^{\sharp}p$ <0.05) in the GG group compared with Con. On the light microscopic study, a number of vacuole were observed in the Con, but decreased in experimental groups. Conclusion : Ga aqueous extract and Chizadochi-Tang extract possesses hepatoprotective potential, thus validating its use in alleviating toxic effects of D-GalN.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.53-67
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Scolopendrid Aqua-acupuncture applied to the L14 on galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Methods : In this study, the experimental rats were divided four groups(Control group, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3 group). In the Control group, we first injected galactosamine and then didn`t treated. In the SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA~3 group, we first Injected galactosamine and then injected Scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture applied to L14, each 0.083mg/kg, 0.017 mg/kg, 0.008mg/kg. We observed the changes of GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP, Total bilirubin, LDH, ALP, Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, WBC, RBC, HGB, Hct. Results & Conclusion: 1. In the change of GPT content, as compared with control group, SHA-2, SHA-3 groups were significantly decreased. 2. In the change of ${\gamma}$-GTP content, as compared with control group, SHA-1, SHA-2 groups were significantly decreased. 3. In the change of Total bilirubin content, as compared with control group, SHA-2 group was significantly decreased.