• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.302-312
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• 2024

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

• Composites Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.316-324
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• 2024

This paper presents a study on estimating the number of bridging fibers in multidirectional glass/epoxy composite laminates using acoustic emission signals. DCB test was conducted for analyzing the fracture behavior of multidirectional composite laminates, and acoustic emission sensor was utilized to measure the elastic wave generated upon specimen fracture. For unidirectional composite laminates, the initial number of bridging fibers was estimated through reference paper and fiber volume fraction. To estimate the initial number of bridging fibers for multidirectional composite laminates, the relative ratio of acoustic emission signals was utilized. The estimated number of bridging fibers was applied to FEM, and the results of FEM showed good agreement with experimental results.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.7
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• pp.155-231
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• 2009

Xu-Jing(徐競) an official of the Song(宋), a medieval Kingdom of China, wrote a book titled $\ll$Koryo Tu Jing(高麗圖經)$\gg$ which explains his travel to the Koryo as a member of diplomatic mission in 1123. $\ll$Koryo Tu Jing$\gg$ is the record of his personal experience in Koryo with many explanatory illustrations and especially contains 5 months' voyage record of his diplomatic fleet. His fleet set sail at a port located in the Ding Hai Xian(定海縣), Ming Zhou(明州) via a few islands of Koryo [Hyup Kye San(俠界山) , the Kun San Do(群山島) , the Ja Yon Do(紫燕島) , the Keup Su Mun(急水門) in Kang Hwa Gun(江華郡) and the Hap Gul(蛤窟) ] and finally arrived the Port Ye Song Hang(禮成港) . According to the Xu-Jing's record his fleet sailed the sea with the help of the favorable seaward winds and tides as the usual way of ancient sailing. The Xu- Jing's Fleet sailed the sea between the Mei Cen(梅岑), Ming Zhou(明州) of China and the Hyup Kye San(俠界山) of Koryo from about 5:00 a.m., May 24th(of the lunar calendar) to about 5:00 p.m., June 2nd. At this section, the average speed of the seaward winds was 19.45km/h and the average speed of the fleet which sailed only by the power of the winds was 6.29km/h. This means that 32.3% of the favorable seaward winds' speed was equal to the speed of the ancient fleet which sailed only by the power of the favorable seaward winds. The fleet sailed the sea between the Ja Yon Do(紫燕島) and the Keup Su Mun(急水門) from about 9:00 a.m., June 10th to about 1:00 p.m., the same day. At this section the fleet sailed by the power of tides in addition to the favorable seaward winds without oaring. The average speed of the winds was not different from that of former section and the average speed of the tides was 1.937km/h. And at this section the average speed of the fleet increased by 0.41km/h than that of the former section. This means that 21.1% of the speed of the tides was equal to the increased speed of the ancient fleet by virtue of the tides. The fleet sailed the sea between Keup Su Mun(急水門) and the Hap Gul(蛤窟) from about 1:00 p.m., June 10th to about 3:00 p.m., the same day. At this section, there were no seaward winds and the fleet sailed only by the powers of tides and oaring. And at this section, the tide increased the average speed of the fleet by 0.3114km/h and the fleet could sail at the speed of 4.3km/h. So we can conclude that the average speed of ancient fleet without any influences of the seaward winds and tides was 3.98 km/h. We can make use of the various sailing speeds of ancient fleets when judging their maritime activities. If we make use of the various sailing speeds of the ancient fleets as calculated in this article, we will be able to get various important informations about the certain ancient fleet's maritime maneuver. For example, we can infer the sailing routs of a certain fleet and the time when the fleet passed a certain spot by making use of the various sailing speeds of the ancient fleet. In this article I did not take account of the shapes of ships that consist of the ancient fleets and the sizes of the various ships and fleets. It was because that such factors would not change the foresaid conclusions seriously.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 1996

Depending on compost treatment the changes of radish morphology and soil physico-chemical properties were investigated in the sandy loam soil, pH of the soil was decreased and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphate and cation exchange capacity was increased with increase of compost. Root weight and length were the lowest, but deficit rate was the highest(79.3%) in the treatment of 120Mg/ha of compost. The contents of chlorophyll and sugars were increased with increasing the amount of compost treatment, but the inorganics were scarcely changed. The nitrate content in radish root ranged from 10 to 120mg/kg in various treatments.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

Purpose : To evaluate accuracy and reliability of program to measure facial soft tissue thickness using 3D computed tomographic images by comparing with direct measurement. Materials and Methods : One cadaver was scanned with a Helical CT with 3 mm slice thickness and 3 mm/sec table speed. The acquired data was reconstructed with 1.5 mm reconstruction interval and the images were transferred to a personal computer. The facial soft tissue thickness were measured using a program developed newly in 3D image. For direct measurement, the cadaver was cut with a bone cutter and then a ruler was placed above the cut side. The procedure was followed by taking pictures of the facial soft tissues with a high-resolution digital camera. Then the measurements were done in the photographic images and repeated for ten times. A repeated measure analysis of variance was adopted to compare and analyze the measurements resulting from the two different methods. Comparison according to the areas was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. Results : There were no statistically significant differences between the direct measurements and those using the 3D images (p>0.05). There were statistical differences in the measurements on 17 points but all the points except 2 points showed a mean difference of 0.5 mm or less. Conclusion : The developed software program to measure the facial soft tissue thickness using 3D images was so accurate that it allows to measure facial soft tissues thickness more easily in forensic science and anthropology.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.322-332
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• 2012

The objectives of this paper were to investigate home range, habitat selection, and threat factors of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) living in rural area of Korea. The results based on radio tracking of three leopard cats (two males and one female) can be summarized as follows. First, the average home range of leopard cats were $2.64{\pm}1.99km^2$ (Kernel 95) and $3.69{\pm}1.34km^2$ (MCP 100), and the average size of core areas was $0.64{\pm}0.47km^2$ (Kernel 50). The home range of a male leopard cat that radio-tracked in winter was the largest ($5.19km^2$, MCP 100). Second, the Johnson's habitat selection model based on the Jacobs index showed that leopard cats preferred meadows and paddy fields avoiding forest covers at the second level, whereas they preferred meadows adjacent to streams and avoided paddy fields at the third level. Finally, roadkill could be prime threat factor for the cat population. Therefore, habitats dominated by paddy fields, stream corridors with paved roads, and human settlements with insufficient forest patches could threaten the long-term viability of leopard cat populations. Thus the habitat managements for the leopard cat conservation should focus on the prevention of road-kill and the installation of wildlife passages in rural highways adjacent to stream corridors.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1999

This study is attempted for the purpose of clearly understanding the stressors which emergency medical technology students experience during clinical practice, giving guidance in desirable direction and improvement of clinical practice, and giving the basic materials so that emergency medical technology students may practice effectively. The design of this study was a descriptive survey. The subjects in this study were 59 emergency medical technology students who were 2nd grade in D college. The collection of questionnaires took 3 days from September 1, 1999 to September 3, 1999. This researcher explained the purpose of this study to students, after they agreed to this survey, the researcher gave the questionnaire to them, had them answer the questions and collected the questionnaire immediately. Data analysis included percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA trough SPSS computer program. The results of this study are, briefly, as follows; 1. In 'satisfaction-degree to specializing in the science of emergency medical technology' 27.1% of the subjects is revealed as 'satisfied' and in 'satisfaction-degree of clinical practice', 8.5% of the subjects is revealed as 'satisfied'. 2. Viewed from each of the categories of stressors which emergency medical technology students experience during clinical practice, 'ideals and values' is the category in which emergency medical technology students experience most severe stress at a mean 3.25 and 'personal relations' is the category in which emergency medical technology students experience mildest stress at a mean 2.82. The total stress degree mean is 3.06, which emergency medical technology students experience during clinical practice is revealed as 'moderate' stress. 3. Considering the stressor involved in each category, the results are as follows; (1) In 'environment', 'orientation to the hospital before clinical practice' is revealed as the most severe stressor at a menu 3.44. (2) In 'personal relations', 'relations with doctor and nurse' is revealed as the most severe stressor at a mean 3.59. (3) In 'role', 'unilaterally when their role is seems to be obscure' is revealed as the most severe stressor at a mean 4.10. (4) In 'ideals and values', 'difference between college practice and hospital practice' is revealed as the most severe stressor at a mean 3.88. (5) In 'activity', 'repetition of simple and functional work during clinical practice' is revealed as the most severe stressor at a mean 3.98. (6) In 'total stress factors', 'unilaterally when their role is seems to be obscure' is revealed as the most severe stress factor at a mean 4.10 and 'relations with comrade students' is revealed as the stress factor causing mildest stress at a mean 2.20. 4. Considering the relationship between the categories of stressors and the general characteristics, the results are as follows; (1) 'Environment' is revealed as being positively correlated with 'satisfaction degree of clinical practice'(F=3.53, p= .0359). (2) 'Ideals and values' is revealed as being correlated with 'sex'(t=-2.31, p= .0240) and 'satisfaction degree of clinical practice'(F=3.31, p= .0438).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1700-1707
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• 2011

This study evaluated the effect of multigrain supplementation on exercise-related changes in running time and glycogen storage capacity of male SD rats engaged in treadmill exercise. Thirty-six 6-week-old rats were divided into six groups: normal (Nor) fed normal feed, control (Con) fed with 20% normal feed and 80% milled rice, test group one (GI) fed with multigrain feed I, test group two (GII) fed with multigrain feed II, test group three (GIII) fed with multigrain feed III, and test group four (GIV) fed with multigrain feed IV. Endurance tests by treadmill machine were administered after 24 days of multigrain feed supplementation and adaptive training. Running time was extended and glycogen storage capacity increased in the multigrain-treated group compared to the non-treated group. Also, the fatigue indicators of inorganic phosphorous, CPK, and lactate concentration were all reduced in the multigrain feed group compared to the control group after 25 min and/or exhausted exercise. But there was no difference in GOP, GTP, lactate, or LDH concentrations between the groups. Our results demonstrated that endurance improved with multigrain feed in rats. Specifically, running time, glycogen storage capacity, inorganic phosphorous, CPK, and lactate serum concentration increased. Importantly, the improvements in endurance brought about in the GII group fed with waxy barley was the greatest among the experimental groups.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.65-71
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• 2013

Wind shear means the variation of wind speed according to the height. Wind shear is the important factor affecting the energy production of wind turbines. Power Law is used to extrapolate wind speed data. Normally, a Power Law exponent of 0.143 is used and this is referred to as the 1/7th Power Law. The Power Law exponent is affected by atmospheric stability and surface roughness of the site. Thus, it is necessary to calculate the Power Law exponent of the site exactly for an accurate estimation of wind energy. In this study, wind resources were measured at the three Met-masts which were located in the coastal area of northeastern Jeju Island. The Power Law exponents of the sites were calculated and proposed using measured data. They were 0.141 at Handong, 0.138 at Pyeongdae, and 0.1254 at Udo. We compared annual energy productions which are calculated using a Power Law exponent of 0.143, the proposed value of the Power Law exponents for each site, and the measured data. As a result, the cases of calculating using the proposed values were more similar to the cases using the measured data than the cases using the 0.143 value. Finally, we found that the propsed values of the Power Law exponent are available to more accurately estimate wind resources.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2014

This study investigates the relationship between the performance of fresh and hardened Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) without heat treatment. The performance of fresh UHPC is determined by the slump flow test related to the fluidity of concrete mixtures, and the air content test. The variables of these tests are the water to binder ratio, superplasticizer dosages and volume fractions of steel fiber. Generally, insufficient fluidity and excessive air contents in concrete mixtures lead to the insufficient packing density related to the performance of harden concrete. The performance of hardened UHPC is determined by the compressive and flexural tensile tests. The results of the fresh UHPC tests show that there is the linear correlation between each variable and the slump flow diameter, and that the slump flow diameter is linearly decreased as the air content ratio increase. Using these results, the formula is developed to predict the fresh performance before mixing UHPC. The results of the hardened UHPC tests show that the hardened performance is not influenced by the air content ratio in the range of 3.2 to 4.2 per cent. However, the flexural tensile strength dominantly influenced by the volume fractions of steel fiber.