• Title/Summary/Keyword: G - near

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Trend of the Changes in the Level of Blood Lead, Urinary Arsenic and Urinary Cadmium of children in Ulsan ; 3-year Follow-up Study (울산지역 어린이들의 혈중 연, 요중 비소 및 카드뮴 농도 변화추이 - 3년 추적조사)

  • Yoo, Cheol-In;Lee, Ji-Ho;Lee, Hun;Kim, Yang-Ho;Lee, Choong-Ryeol
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.166-174
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    • 2001
  • Objectives : To obtain basic data on blood lead level and urinary level of arsenic and cadmium of children living near a petrochemical estate and a suburban area in Ulsan, Korea and to observe the trend of the changes. In the level of these metals in these children. Methods : The study subjects comprised 626 children living near a petrochemical estate and 299 children living in a suburban area of Ulsan. We analyzed the level of lead, arsenic and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrometer. Results : The mean levels of blood lead in children living near the petrochemical estate were $5.25{\mu}g/dl,\;5.24{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;7.24{\mu}g/dl$, and in the years 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of children living in the suburban area were $3.81{\mu}g/dl,\;4.75{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;7.19{\mu}g/dl$ respectively. The mean levels of urinary arsenic in children living near the petrochemical estate were $4.57{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $4.78{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $6.02{\mu}g/g$ creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000 respectively, whereas those of children living in suburban area were $2.35{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $4.75{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $7.07{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. The mean levels of urinary cadmium in children living near the petrochemical estate were $1.15{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $1.05{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $1.71{\mu}g/g$ creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of the children living in the suburban area were $0.74{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $1.29{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $1.48{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. There were increasing trends in the level of blood lead, urinary arsenic and cadmium of children in Ulsan, and the differences in the level of these metals were disappearing between the children living in other areas year by year. Conclusions : These results suggest that the amount of exposure to lead, arsenic, and cadmium is increasing from year to year, and there is a need for periodic biological and atmospheric monitoring of these metals in Ulsan.

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Speech Reinforcement Based on G.729A Speech Codec Parameter Under Near-End Background Noise Environments (근단 배경 잡음 환경에서 G.729A 음성부호화기 파라미터에 기반한 새로운 음성 강화 기법)

  • Choi, Jae-Hun;Chang, Joon-Hyuk
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.392-400
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    • 2009
  • In this paper, we propose an effective speech reinforcement technique base on ITU-T G.729A CS-ACELP codec under the near-end background noise environments. In general, since the intelligibility of the far-end speech for the near-end listener is significantly reduced under near-end noise environments, we require a far-end speech reinforcement approach to avoid this phenomena. In contrast to the conventional speech reinforcement algorithm, we reinforce the excitation signal of the codec's parameters received from the far-end speech signal based on the G.729A speech codec under various background noise environments. Specifically, we first estimate the excitation signal of ambient noise at the near-end through the encoder of the G.729A speech codec, reinforcing the excitation signal of the far-end speech transmitted from the far-end. we specially propose a novel approach to directly reinforce the excitation signal of far-end speech signal based on the decoder of the G.729A. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by the CCR (Comparison Category Rating) test of the method for subjective determination of transmission quality in ITU-T P.800 under various noise environments and shows better performances compared with conventional SNR Recovery methods.

A STUDY ON SUBSTRUCTURES OF R-GROUPS

  • Cho, Yong-Uk
    • East Asian mathematical journal
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.171-177
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    • 2009
  • Throughout this paper, we denote that R is a near-ring and G an R-group. We initiate a study of R-substructures of G, monogenic R-groups, faithful R-groups and faithful D.G. representations of near-rings. Next, we investigate some properties of monogenic R-groups, faithful monogenic R-groups and a generalization of annihilator concepts in R-groups.

SOME RESULTS OF R-GROUP STRUCTURES

  • Cho, Yong Uk
    • Korean Journal of Mathematics
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.271-280
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, we initiate a study of faithful R-group G and some substructures of R and G. Next, we investigate a faithful representation of near-ring R and some properties of monogenic Rgroups.

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The formation mechanism of grown-in defects in CZ silicon crystals based on thermal gradients measured by thermocouples near growth interfaces

  • Abe, Takao
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.402-416
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    • 1999
  • The thermal distributions near the growth interface of 150nm CZ crystals were measured by three thermocouples installed at the center, middle (half radius) and edge (10nm from surface) of the crystals. The results show that larger growth rates produced smaller thermal gradients. This contradicts the widely used heat flux balance equation. Using this fact, it is confirmed in CZ crystals that the type of point defects created is determined by the value of the thermal gradient(G) near the interface during growth, as already reported for FZ crystals. Although depending on the growth systems the effective length of the thermal gradient for defect generation are varied, we defined the effective length as 10n,\m from th interface in this experiment. If the G is roughly smaller than 20C/cm, vacancy rich CZ crystals are produced. If G is larger than 25C/cm, the species of point defects changes dramatically from vacancies to interstitials. The experimental results after detaching FZ and CZ crystals from the melt show that growth interfaces are filled with vacancies. We propose that large G produces shrunk lattice spacing and in order to relax such lattice excess interstitials are necessary. Such interstitials recombine with vacancies which were generated at the growth interface, nest occupy interstitial sites and residuals aggregate themselves to make stacking faults and dislocation loops during cooling. The shape of the growth interface is also determined by te distributions of G across the interface. That is, the small G and the large G in the center induce concave and convex interfaces to the melts, respectively.

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The Partitioning of Organic Carbon Cycle in Coastal Sediments of Kwangyang Bay

  • Han, Myung-Woo;Lee, In-Ho;Kim, Kee-Hyun;Noh, Il
    • Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.103-111
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    • 1997
  • Biogeochemical cycling of organic carbon is quantitatively partitioned in terms of 1) flux to the ocean bottom, 2) benthic utilization at or near the sediment-water interface, 3) remineralization and 4) burial within sediments, by making an independent determination for each component process from a single coastal site in Kwangyang Bay. The partitioning suggests that the benthic utilization at or near the sediment-water interface is the major mode of organic carbon cycling at the site. The benthic utilization takes 61.8% (441.6 gCm$^{-2}$ yr $^{-1}$) of the total near-bottem organic carbon flux, 714.6 gCm $^{-2}$yr$^{-1}$, and far exceeds the remineralization of organic carbon within the sediments which amounts only to 6% (41.24 gCm$^{-2}$yr$^{-1}$) of the total near-bottom flux. The residence time is about 1.6 years for the sedimentary metabolic organic carbon in the upper 45 cm. The dominant partitioning of the benthic utilization in the carbon budget suggests that most of labile organic carbons are consumed at or near the sediment-water interface and are left over to the sediment column by significantly diminished amounts.

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A STUDY ON FAITHFUL AND MONOGENIC R-GROUPS

  • Cho, Yong-Uk
    • East Asian mathematical journal
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.151-164
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    • 2003
  • Throughout this paper, we will consider that R is a near-ring and G is an R-group. We initiate the study of monogenic and strongly monogenic R-groups and their basic properties. Also, we investigate some properties of D.G. R-groups, faithful R-groups and monogenic R-groups and we determine that when near-rings are rings.

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DEGREE OF NEARNESS

  • Lee, Seung On;Lee, Eun Pyo
    • Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.175-182
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    • 2008
  • This paper is a revised version of [5]. In [5], we define' nearness between two points' in a topological space in many ways and show that a continuous function preserves one-sided nearness. We also show that a $T_1$-space is characterized by one-sided nearness exactly. In this paper, we introduce extremally disconnected spaces and show that the new topology generated by the set of equivalence classes as a base is extremally disconnected.

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Evaluation of Chemical Composition in Reconstituted Tobacco Leaf using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (근적외선 분광분석법을 이용한 판상엽 화학성분 평가)

  • Han, Young-Rim;Han, Jungho;Lee, Ho-Geon;Jeh, Byong-Kwon;Kang, Kwang-Won;Lee, Ki-Yaul;Eo, Seong-Je
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 2013
  • Near InfraRed Spectroscopy(NIRS) is a quick and accurate analytical method to measure multiple components in tobacco manufacturing process. This study was carried out to develop calibration equation of near infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of the amount of chemical components and hot water solubles(HWS) of reconstituted tobacco leaf. Calibration samples of reconstituted tobacco leaf were collected from every lot produced during one year. The calibration equation was formulated as modified partial least square regression method (MPLS) by analyzing laboratory actual values and mathematically pre-treated spectra. The accuracy of the acquired equation was confirmed with the standard error of prediction(SEP) of chemical components in reconstituted tobacco leaf samples, indicated as coefficient of determination($R^2$) and prediction error of sample unacquainted, followed by the verification of model equation of laboratory actual values and these predicted results. As a result of monitoring, the standard error of prediction(SEP) were 0.25 % for total sugar, 0.03 % for nicotine, 0.03 % for chlorine, 0.16 % for nitrate, and 0.38 % for hot water solubles. The coefficient of determination($R^2$) were 0.98 for total sugar, 0.97 for nicotine, 0.96 for chlorine, 0.98 for nitrate and 0.92 for hot water solubles. Therefore, the NIRS calibration equation can be applicable and reliable for determination of chemical components of reconstituted tobacco leaf, and NIRS analytical method could be used as a rapid and accurate quality control method.