• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.327-332
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• 2015

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene is known to be expressed in plants, and is involved in the differentiation, growth and synthesis of secondary metabolites. However, its expression in fungi remains to be explored. To understand its expression in mushroom fungi, the PAL gene of the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes (Fvpal) was cloned and characterized. The cloned Fvpal consists of 2,175 bp, coding for a polypeptide containing 724 amino acids and having 11 introns. The translated amino acid sequence of Fvpal shares a high identity (66%) with that of ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake. Distinctively, the Fvpal expression in the mycelium was higher in minimal medium supplemented with L-tyrosine than with other aromatic amino acids. During cultivation of the mushroom on sawdust medium, Fvpal expression in the fruit body correspondingly increased as the mushroom grew. In the fruiting body, Fvpal was expressed more in the stipe than in the pileus. These results suggest that F. velutipes PAL activity differs in the different organs of the mushroom. Overall, this is first report to show that the PAL gene expression is associated with mushroom growth in fungi.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.310-315
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• 2021

We investigated the effect of sodium chloride-associated abiotic stress on the development of Pleurotus ostreatus. We examined the growth characteristics of fruiting bodies, constituent amino acids, and fragrance pattern to determine the effect of culturing Pleurotus ostreatus on a sawdust substrate supplemented with sodium chloride in a dose-dependent manner. Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies exhibited an increasing tendency towards augmented yields when grown in the presence of 0.5% sodium chloride as compared with that grown in the control group. However, increasing the supplementation of sodium chloride from 1.0 % to 2.0% resulted in significantly decreased yields of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies in these groups as compared with that in control groups. Further assessment revealed the presence of 14 types of amino acids in the fruiting bodies, including aspartate, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, and arginine, at lower levels in all the sodium chloride-treated groups than in the control group; except for glutamic acid and proline. Similarly, fragrance pattern analysis of the Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body by chromatography confirmed that the intensity of the substances presumed to be octane compounds, to which the unique flavor of mushrooms is attributed, was lower in all the sodium chloride-treated groups than in the control group.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2017

The mushroom species Cordyceps militaris has been studied and cultivated as a medicinal mushroom due to its multiple valuable biological and pharmaceutical activities. For breeding new strains of C. militaris, multiplex PCR assays were performed using primers specific for its mating type genes, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Mating types and mating status were confirmed, as evidenced by DNA bands at 233-bp and 191-bp for MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 respectively. The novel 'Dowonhongcho 2ho' was developed through mating; they were found to possess high-quality fruiting bodies when grown in artificial media. The stromata of the new strain were club-shaped, with a bright orange-red color, and measured 7.1 cm in length. They had an average cordycepin content of 0.33%. Compared to 'Dowonhongcho,' the new strain had a 7% higher yield, as well as firm fruiting bodies. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, and the optimum temperature for stroma development was $18{\sim}22^{\circ}C$. The fruiting bodies developed after 49.1 days from inoculation. The use of mating type molecular markers improved the breeding efficiency of the new strain 'Dowonhongcho 2ho.' Thus, they may be valuable for artificial cultivation and industrial-scale production of C. militaris with excellent characteristics.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.121-125
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• 2008

A first, we made white strain 'S line' adaptable to elevated temperature after collected brown strains were characterized with culture characterization on temperature and their monokaryons isolated at the high temperature were crossed with white strain. These S line monokaryons were crossed again with other monokaryons derived from a commercial white. As a result of successive crossing, finally a new variety 'Baengno' was developed. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ but it needed to adjust to $18{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ when incubated at the bottle cultivation. It brought incubation period shortening as 21 days saved 2~3 days when compared with other white varieties. The optimum temperatures of fruiting body initiation and development were almost same to others like as $14^{\circ}C$ and $7^{\circ}C$, respectively. Fruiting body of 'Baengno' was pure white even developed from crossing with brown strains. 'Baengno' was a good variety with high quality and high productivity characterized as quite even budding habit, long stipes and hemi-spherical pilei. This variety needed more air ventilation and had to be adjusted its cultivation environment for the good cultivation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.168-172
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• 2009

We attempted to isolate the bacterial strains from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus brazilensis and determined their effects on browning and distortions of mushrooms. No bacterial strains were isolated when the middle of browning regions of A. brazilensis were used. Total 125 bacterial strains were obtained from the surface of browning regions and classified into 17 different genera and 29 species by using MIDI methods. Most common genus were Pseudomonas (26), Yersinia (29), and Cedecea (29). High lytic activity were detected when Pseudomonas strains were tested, while relatively low lytic activity were observed with both Yersinia and Cedecea strains.Therefore, we believed the distortion of mushroom could be the result of bacterial infections. Also, the development of brownish color was detected in large number of A. brazilensis strains only by incubation at 4C, suggesting no specific correlation between bacterial strains and brownish color development. Also, it is considered that the development of brownish color can be the normal changes of A. brazilensis.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 2015

For development a new anti-diabetic compound from edible mushroom, antihyperglycemic ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Pleurotus salmoneostramineus, Pleurotus eryngii and Neolentinus lepideus were investigated on its water and ethanol extracts. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of Neolentinus lepideus fruiting body showed the highest at 86.3% in the 95% ethanol extracts and water extract from Pleurotus cornucopiae was also higher at 48.5% among water extracts. Therefore, Neolentinus lepideus which showed very high ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was selected as a new anti-diabetic agent-containing mushroom and the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor was maximally extracted when treated with 95% ethanol at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hr. The ethanol extracts from Neolentinus lepideus fruiting body showed dosage-dependent hypoglycemic action after administration to 120 min in the SD-rat and streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD-rat.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the biological activities of Hericium erinaceus fruiting body, including antioxidative, fibrinolytic, thrombin inhibitory and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The water extract of H. erinaceus was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions, and each of these fractions was individually assayed. The water extract showed high antioxidative activity at 87.78%. The water fraction showed the highest extraction yield at 35.68% (w/w). In the fraction activity tests, butanol and water fractions showed strong antioxidative activities at 87.91% and 92.27%, respectively. Assays for fibrinolytic activity indicated that only the ethyl acetate fraction has significant efficacy at 2.96 plasmin units/mL. The 10-fold dilution of hexane fraction showed high thrombin inhibitory activity, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 77.67% and 90.53%, respectively. In conclusion, solvent fractions of H. erinaceus can be used as materials for the development of biofunctional foods to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2010

A specimen of Beauveria bassiana was collected from Yang-yang of Gangwon province, Korea in October 2006. Conidial isolates were prepared from the specimen by the dilution method and inoculated in brown rice medium for fruiting body production. After nearly two months incubation for perithecial stromata developed from single isolates as well as from their combinations. They were determined as Cordyceps bassiana by observing the stromatal characters and their conidial structures. This is the first report of the development of C. bassiana from B. bassiana cultures.

• Mycobiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.63-66
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• 2013

This study was conducted to identify a suitable color of light for development of the fruit body in Hypsizygus marmoreus. To accomplish this, samples were irradiated with blue (475 nm), green (525 nm), yellow (590 nm), or red (660 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs) to induce the formation of fruiting bodies after mycelia growth. The diameter and thickness of the pileus and length of stipes in samples subjected to blue LED treatment were similar to those of subjected to fluorescent light (control), and the lengths of the stipes were highest in response to treatment with the red LED and darkness. The commercial yields of plants subjected to blue and green LED treatment were similar to those of the control. In conclusion, cultivation of H. marmoreus coupled with exposure to blue LED is useful for inducing high quality fruit bodies as well as higher levels of ergosterol, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total polyphenol content and reducing power.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.370-376
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• 2005

Sarcodon aspratus is well known as a natural edible mushroom and a symbiotic mycorrhizal fungus with oaks. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of environmental conditions on the fruiting of S. aspratus on the hillslope of Wolak Mt., Jecheon city, Chungbuk, South Korea. Soil moisture and soil temperature in S. aspratus colony were measured hourly and compared with those in the non-colony soil. The mean soil moisture during the mushroom development was 14.3% in the colony soil and 16.4% in the non-colony soil. The S. aspratus colony soils showed 2.1% less soil moisture. The mean soil temperature was $16.8^{\circ}C$ in the colony soil and $16.5^{\circ}C$ in the non-colony soil. The S. asprauts colony soils showed slightly higher temperature. It is considered that more soil water was consumed and more energy was emitted during the mycelial elongation and the mushroom development. The development of S. aspratus seems similar to that of T. matsutake which is known to be considerably affected by soil moisture, daily maximum air temperature, daily minimum air temperature and daily minimum soil temperature. The season of S. aspratus development ranges from the end of August to the beginning of October. And Ellino phenomenon and its unusual change in the weather seems to affect primodia and fruiting body development. Especially if daily minimum soil temperature continues to become higher than $20^{\circ}C$, the damage of primodia and its fruiting body was frequently observed in the field plots during the last few years recently.