• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.32B no.1
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• pp.147-153
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• 1995

In this paper, we propose the position- and size-independent handwritten on-line Korean character recognition system using multilayer neural networks which are trained with error back-propagation learning algorithm and the features of Hanguel consonants and vowels. Starting point, end point, and three vectors from starting point to end point of each stroke of characters inputted from mouse or tablet are applied as inputs of neural networks. If double consonants and vowels are separated by single consonants and vowels, all consonants and vowels have at most four strokes. Therefore, four neural networks learn the consonants and the vowels having each number of strokes. Also, we propose the algorithm of separating the consonants and vowels and constructing a character.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.343-361
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• 2010

The Discrete Element Method adopting particles for the domain discretization has recently been adopted in fracture studies of non-homogeneous continuous media such as concrete and rock. A model is proposed in which the reinforcement is modelled by 1D rigid-spring discrete elements. The rigid bars interact with the rigid circular particles that simulate the concrete through contact interfaces. The DEM enhanced model with reinforcement capabilities is evaluated using three point bending and four point bending tests on reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. Under three point bending, the model is shown to reproduce the expected final crack pattern, the crack propagation and the load displacement diagram. Under four point bending, the model is shown to match the experimental ultimate load, the size effect and the crack propagation and localization.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.161-173
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• 2018

Point bending is often used for cambering and curving structural steel girders. An analytical solution, applicable in the elasto-plastic range only, that relates applied loads to the desired curve was recently developed for inducing horizontal curves using four-point bending. This solution does not account for initial residual stresses and geometric imperfections built-in hot-rolled sections. This paper presents results from a full-scale test on a hot-rolled steel section curved using four-point bending. In parallel, a numerical analysis, accounting for both initial geometric imperfections and initial residual stresses, was carried out. The models were validated against the experimental results and a good agreement for lateral offset and for strain in the elasto-plastic and post-plastic ranges was achieved. The results show that the effect of initial residual stresses on deformation and strain is minimal. Finally, residual stresses due to cold bending calculated from the numerical analysis were assessed and a revised stress value for the service load design of the curved girder is proposed.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1988

In the first section of this paper two common fixed point results for four nonlinear mappings which are pairwise commuting and only two of them being continuous have been given on a complete metric space and on a compact metric space respectively which generalize the results of Mukherjee [2] and Yeh [4]. Further two common fixed point theorems have been established for two finite families of non linear mappings, with only one family being continuous. In another section we extend Theorem 3 and Theorem 4 of Mukherjee [2] for common fixed point of four continuous mappings on a Hausdorff space and on a compact metric space respectively. In the same spaces, these two results have been further generalized for two finite families of continuous mappings.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 2009

A four beam interference optical system for laser micro structuring using a pulse laser was demonstrated. The four beam interference optical system using a pulse laser(picosecond laser) can fabricate micro structure on mold material(NAK80) directly. Micro structure on the polymer can be reproduced economically by injection molding of the micro structure on the mold material. The four beam interference optical system was composed by the DOE(Diffractive Optical Element) and two lenses. The laser intensity distribution of four beam interference was explained by an interference optics point of view and by the image optics point of view. We revealed that both views showed the same result. The laser power distribution of a $1{\mu}m$ peak pattern was made by the four beam interference optical system and measured by the objective lens and CCD. A $1{\mu}m$ pitch dot pattern on the mold material was fabricated and measured by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy).

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.663-673
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• 2010

In this paper, we will establish common fixed point for compatible mappings of type(${\alpha}$) for four self mappings defined on intuitionistic fuzzy metric space with implicit relations.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 2007

In this paper we prove common fixed point theorem for four mappings, under the condition of compatible mappings of type ($\alpha$) in Menger space, without taking any function continuous. We improve results of Pathak, Kang and Baek [13] and Cho, Murthy and Stojakovic [37].

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.121-124
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• 2008

We will establish common fixed point theorem and example for four self maps in intuitionistic fuzzy metric space.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.439-450
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• 2008

In this paper, we give a generalized contractive condition for four self mappings of symmetric spaces and give some results on fixed point theorems in symmetric spaces.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.645-656
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• 2010

In this paper, we prove a common fixed point theorem for four mappings on fuzzy 2-metric spaces. Our result is an extension of results of S. H. Cho [2] to fuzzy 2-metric spaces. Also, it is a generalization of a result of S. Sharma [11].