• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.173-174
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• 2008

The four-point bending test is a widely used method to determine material parameters. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the flexural strength (or modulus of rupture) and the Weibull modulus of cordierite ceramic substrate by means of four-point bending tests. The strength data from experiments followed Weibull statistics. These data indicate that the fatigue effects are more severe when the substrate temperature in the peripheral region is near $200^{\circ}$. At temperatures well above $200^{\circ}C$ the available design strength can be as high as 65% as substrate's initial strength.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.688-693
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• 2002

Adhesive bonding is becoming one of the popular joining techniques in metal industries, since it has some advantages over other techniques such as welding and diffusion bonding, e.g., any dissimilar metals are easily adhesive-bonded together. In this study, the experiments were carried out in order to provide the statistical data with strength evaluation methods: tension, shear and four-point bending tests for thermoplastic epoxy resin based adhesive-bonded metal joints. We should certificate on the probability of the adhesive strength that has the tendency of brittle fracture, the adhesive bonding strength between metals with thermoplastic adhesive has the best probability at four-point bending test. The strength testing method that has higher probability is four-point bending test, shear test and tensile test in order.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2014

To establish the reliability of a packaging structures, adhesion testing of key interfaces is a critical task. Due to the material mismatch, the interface may be prone to delamination failure due to conditions during the manufacturing of the product or just from the day-to-day use. To assess the reliability of the interface adhesion strength testing can be performed during the design phase of the product. One test method of interest is the four-point bending (4PB) adhesion strength test method. This test method has been implemented in a variety of situations to evaluate the adhesion strength of interfaces in bimaterial structures to the interfaces within thin film multilayer stacks. This article presents a review of the 4PB adhesion strength testing method and key implementations of the technique in regards to semiconductor packaging.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.2011-2018
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• 2003

To analyze the bending collapse behavior of an aluminum square tube beam under a bending load, a finite element simulation for the four-point bending test has been performed. Using an aluminum tube beam specimen partly inserted with two steel bars, the local buckling deformation near the center of the tube beam was induced. The maximum bending load and the bending collapse behavior obtained from the numerical simulation were in good agreement with experimental results. Using a combination of the four-point bending test and its finite element simulation, analysis of the local buckling and the accompanied bending collapse behavior of aluminum tube beam could be quantitative accomplished.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.161-173
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• 2018

Point bending is often used for cambering and curving structural steel girders. An analytical solution, applicable in the elasto-plastic range only, that relates applied loads to the desired curve was recently developed for inducing horizontal curves using four-point bending. This solution does not account for initial residual stresses and geometric imperfections built-in hot-rolled sections. This paper presents results from a full-scale test on a hot-rolled steel section curved using four-point bending. In parallel, a numerical analysis, accounting for both initial geometric imperfections and initial residual stresses, was carried out. The models were validated against the experimental results and a good agreement for lateral offset and for strain in the elasto-plastic and post-plastic ranges was achieved. The results show that the effect of initial residual stresses on deformation and strain is minimal. Finally, residual stresses due to cold bending calculated from the numerical analysis were assessed and a revised stress value for the service load design of the curved girder is proposed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.289-299
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• 2022

Based on the random cracking theory, the cylinder RVE model of reinforced concrete is established and the damage process is divided into three stages as the evolution of the cracks. The stress distribution along longitude direction of the concrete and the steel bar in the cylinder model are derived. The equivalent elastic modulus of the RVE are derived and the user-defined field variable subroutine (USDFLD) for the equivalent elastic modulus is well integrated into the ABAQUS. Regarding the tensile rebars and the concrete surrounding the rebars as the equivalent homogeneous transversely isotropic material, and the FEM analysis for the reinforced concrete beams is conducted with the USDFLD subroutine. Considering the concrete cracking and interfacial debonding, the macroscopic damage process of the reinforced concrete beam under four-point bending loading in the simulation. The volume fraction of rebar and the cracking degree are mainly discussed to reveal their influence on the macro-performance and they are calibrated with experimental results. Comparing with the bending experiment performed with 8 reinforced concrete beams, the bending stiffness of the second stage and the ultimate load simulated are in good agreement with the experimental values, which verifies the effectiveness and the accuracy of the improved finite element method for reinforced concrete beam.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2017

PURPOSE. To evaluate the effects of different surface treatments on the bond strength of novel CAD/CAM restorative materials to resin cement by four point bending test. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The CAD/CAM materials under investigation were e.max CAD, Mark II, Lava Ultimate, and Enamic. A total of 400 bar specimens ($4{\times}1.2{\times}12mm$) (n=10) milled from the CAD/CAM blocks underwent various pretreatments (no pretreatment (C), hydrofluoric acid (A), hydrofluoric acid + universal adhesive (Scotchbond) (AS), sandblasting (Sb), and sandblasting + universal adhesive (SbS)). The bars were luted end-to-end on the prepared surfaces with a dual curing adhesive resin cement (Variolink N, Ivoclar Vivadent) on the custom-made stainless steel mold. Ten test specimens for each treatment and material combination were performed with four point bending test method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS. The surface treatment and type of CAD/CAM restorative material showed a significant effect on the four point bending strength (FPBS) (P<.001). For LDC, AS surface treatment showed the highest FPBS results ($100.31{\pm}10.7MPa$) and the lowest values were obtained in RNC ($23.63{\pm}9.0MPa$) for control group. SEM analyses showed that the surface topography of CAD/CAM restorative materials was modified after treatments. CONCLUSION. The surface treatment of sandblasting or HF acid etching in combination with a universal adhesive containing MDP can be suggested for the adhesive cementation of the novel CAD/CAM restorative materials.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2004

To combine the mechanical advantages of ceramics with those of metals, one often uses both materials within one composite component. But, as known, they have different material properties and fracture behaviors. In this study, a four-point bending test is carried out on $Si_3N_4$ joined to ANSI 304L stainless steel with a Ti-Ag-Cu filler and a Cu interlayer at room temperature to evaluate their longitudinal strain behaviors. And, to detect localized strain, a couple of strain gages are pasted near the joint interfaces of the ceramic and metal sides. The normal strain rates are varied from $3.33{\times}10^5$ to $3.33{\times}10^{-1}s^{-1}$ Within this range, the experimental results showed that the four-point bending strength and the deflection of the interlayer increased with increasing the strain rate.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권5A호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 이방향 휨인장강도 시험 시 시험체에 작용하는 등방성 휨인장거동의 구현여부를 실험적으로 증명하기 위해 시험체의 변형률 측정 실험과, 시험체에 등방성 휨인장응력이 작용할 수 있도록 시험법 개선을 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 또한, 개선된 시험법을 적용하여 이방향 휨인장강도와 4점 휨인장강도 시험에 의한 일방향 휨인장강도를 측정하여 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 시험체에 발생하는 등방성 휨인장응력은 시험체의 표면 조건과 뒤틀림 정도에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으나, 시험법 개선으로 인해 시험체에 등방성 휨인장응력상태를 확보할 수 있었다. 개선된 이방향 휨인장강도 시험에 의한 이방향 휨인장강도가 일방향 휨인장강도 보다 32% 더 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 분산성은 동일한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.486-496
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• 2018

4점 휨 시험에서 지간 길이에 따른 낙엽송 제재목의 휨 성능 변화를 알아보기 위하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구에 사용된 시험편의 크기는 38(너비) ${\times}$ 89(깊이) ${\times}$ 3,600(길이) $mm^3$이며, 평균 기건 밀도와 함수율은 각각 $543.5kg/m^3$, 10.5%이었다. 낙엽송 육안 등급 1등급 248본을 두 그룹으로 나눠, 지간 거리 1,650 mm와 3,000 mm에서 휨 실험을 진행하여 휨 강도와 휨 탄성계수를 도출하였다. 휨 탄성계수는 유의 수준 5%에서 지간 거리에 따라 차이가 없다고 판단된 반면 휨 강도는 차이가 있었으며, 지간에 반비례하였다. 지간 거리 1,650와 3,000 mm에서 휨 강도의 5% 하한치는 각각 28.65와 25.70 MPa로 확인되었다. 지간 거리에 따른 휨 강도 차이는 백분위 수가 증가함에 따라 커지는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이는 와이블 최약 링크 파손 이론에 의한 치수 효과 때문으로 사료된다. 따라서 지간 대 깊이 비가 15 이상으로만 제한되어 있는 목구조용 실대재 휨 시험법(KS F 2150)에 치수 효과를 고려할 수 있는 방법이 포함되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 이를 통해 다양한 치수의 제재목에서 얻어지는 강도를 설계 값에 반영할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.