• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.759-784
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• 2013

Participants can use the allowances and offsets for implementing the compliance in the Emissions Trading Scheme(ETS). There are alternative commodities which are different prices it gives the opportunities to reduce the compliance costs and get the arbitrage. This study analyzes the price driver of spread which is the difference between EUA and sCER using AR-GARCH model, EUA and CER during the Phase 2 in EU ETS. The results show that there are common elements which impacts the EUA and sCER and also different elements between them. EUA and sCER get the effects from energy price and economic criteria such as coal price and financial crisis as common elements. However them get the effects from electric price, policy criteria such as restricted CERs and difference price between EUA and ERU price as different elements. The results shows that spread will be widen if energy price increase, especially oil and electric price give more impacts the spreads. This study has the means that it explains the reason why the spreads will broaden sharply in 2012. And it also suggests the price driver of spread during the whole period of Phase 2. In addition, this study shows that political aspects maybe become the main criteria of price change with structural elements shch as energy price in Korea ETS which starts in 2015.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.31-42
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• 2012

After the rapidly changing business management environment and financial crisis, high prices and domestic recession in Korea posed threats to the business survival of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper looks at the potential of micro business owners for sustainable development: those who have a spirit of entrepreneurship and the potential to be a hidden champion. Our study of micro business values uses structure equation modeling by LISREL. We have done so in order to understand the foundation of management innovation and success model of micro enterprise by increasing the entrepreneurship and management performance relationship analysis. A micro-enterprise is a type of small business, found only in Korea, often registered as having ten or fewer employees. We examine the successful type of hidden champions and the influence of entrepreneurship on start-ups in business. As compared to past research on the SME entrepreneurship, this study segments small businesses even further. Small business entrepreneurship was classified into three forms that are most appropriate for the Korean situation today: innovation, risk-taking, and pro-activeness. This research is meaningful as it is Korea's first empirical analysis on four business types: wholesale and retail sales, food and lodging business, service business, and manufacturing business. Thus far, research on small business entrepreneurship was carried out using small-scale investigative analysis. However, this research attempted to develop a model that can explain a cause-effect relation of the motivational level when it comes to the difference of entrepreneurship by each business type and small business start-up success factors. Various conceptual and operational definitions could be developed in a diverse and precise manner. Independent variables that are related to the success of small businesses can be developed additionally to examine the success factors related to the systematization in detailed manner. The research showed that the innovation, risk-taking and pro-activeness of the manifested difference in the degree of perception depending on the type of small businesses. Among the four business types, the ones that manifested the highest successful start-up rates were food, service, wholesale and retail sales and manufacturing. Results after conducting the regression analysis are shown on, which proves that the small business entrepreneurship exerts direct effect on the financial management performance of small businesses. In other words, small business entrepreneurship exerts a positive effect on the small business financial success and management performance. The R² value is 0.61. It is possible to know that the perception of systematization and variables on attitude explains the 61% of the success for small self-employed businesses management performance. We define start-up key factors that are helpful to achieve internal growth of firms by finding business survival strategies. The results also focus on Korean government policy for micro enterprise and small business support.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2013

Following the U.S sub-prime mortgage crisis and a slump in properties market, the probability is rising that housing investment would not yield high profit as it used to do until early 2000s. For this reason, the nature of properties market is undergoing a change from a source of lucrative investment to a source of a relatively low but stable profit, such as profit-oriented real estate. This trend is likely to promote REITs market, which is a leading product for indirect investment. Until now, the REITs market has been growing slowly compared to a general housing market or financial markets. However, as the importance of risk management based on portfolio theories increases, stable profit generation of REITs can be effective in risk management. This study conducts an empirical analysis on how investment risks can be diversified by including REITs-a source of relatively stable profit in the equity market-in investment portfolio. The analysis results showed that, similar to food and beverage stocks of highly defensive nature, REITs has a relatively weak correlation with KOSPI that reflects the overall market performance. It also showed very low standard deviation in case of minimum variance portfolio. This suggests that including REITs in investment portfolio can be as effective as including food and beverage stocks for risk diversification. Due to uncertainties, investment always accompanies risks, and balancing potential profits and risks is essential.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

This qualitative study analyzed various environmental factors and difficulties faced by school foodservices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Focus group interviews were conducted by enrolling 12 nutrition teachers and nutritionists. Data collected were subsequently analyzed for changes implemented during the pandemic, in hygiene management, diet management, and distribution management of the school meal. The content and method of delivery of information related to diet guidance and school foodservice by related organizations were also examined. Results of the survey show that personal hygiene (such as maintaining student-to-student distance, checking students for a fever, and hand disinfection) was duly applied, installation of table coverings and distancing between school cafeteria seats were conducted, and mandatory mask-wearing to prevent droplet transmission was enforced. Depending on the COVID-19 situation, the number of students having school meals was limited per grade, and time-spaced meals were provided. To prevent infection, menus that required frequent hand contact were excluded from the meal plan. Overall, it was difficult to manage the meal plan due to frequent changes in tasks, such as the number of orders and meal expenses. These changes were communicated by nutrition teachers and nutritionists wherein the numbers of school meals were adjusted, depending on situations arising from each COVID-19 crisis stage. Furthermore, in some schools, either face-to-face nutrition counseling was stopped entirely, or nutrition education was conducted online. Parent participation was disallowed in the monitoring of school meals, and the prohibition on conversations inside the school cafeteria resulted in the absence of communication among students, nutrition teachers, and nutritionists. Additionally, confusion in meal management was caused by frequent changes in the school meal management guidelines provided by the Office of Education and the School Health Promotion Center in response to COVID-19. In anticipation of the emergence of a new virus or infectious diseases caused by mutations in the years to come, it is suggested that a holistic, well-thought-out response manual for safe meal operation needs to be established, in close collaboration with schools and school foodservice-related institutions.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.641-656
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• 2022

This article investigates how Baedal Minjok(BaeMin) has grown to be a dominant mobility platform operator in food delivery sector in South Korea and what roles its brand and branding have played in the process, drawing on the idea of origination. For the purpose, BaeMin is considered as a typical platformized mobility service provider and origination is framed to be an appropriate analytical lens for the business sector. For the origination conception, unlike mainstream neoclassical theory and concepts, is able to deal fairly well with the issues of imperfect competition, imperfect information, and monopolistic brand rent, which are apparent in today's platformized mobility services. Drawing evidence from textual data, empirical analysis pays particular attention to discursive and symbolic dimensions of BaeMin's socio-spatial biography. It is found that national origination underpinning ethnicity comprises an important pillar of BaeMin's brand and branding. Another form of place-based origination is also observed to matter, especially in the varied relation between the mobility service brand's owner and consumers. However, this configuration of BaeMin's brand origination has yet to be fully stabilized, as it has faced with serious challenges including brand vandalism and anti-brand movement especially since its merger to German food delivery platform giant Delivery Hero in 2020. This origination crisis moment appears to be associated with a series of contractions intrinsic to so-called 'platform capitalism'.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.230-246
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• 2023

Objectives: The climate crisis has arrived and heat-related illnesses are increasing. It is necessary to discover new high-heat risk industries and understand the environment . It is also necessary to prioritize risks of industries that have not been included in the management target to date. The study was intended to monitor and evaluate the thermal risk of high-priority workplaces. Methods: A prioritization method was developed based on five factors: occurrence of and death due to heat-related illnesses, work environment monitoring, indoor work rate, small heat source, and limited heat dissipation. it, was applied to industrial accidents caused by heat-related illnesses. Wet bulb temperature index and apparent temperature were measured in July and August at 24 workplaces in seven industries and assessed for thermal risk. Results: The wet bulb temperature index was in the range of 23.8~31.9℃, and exposure limits were exceeded in the growing of crops, food services activities and accommodation, and building construction. The apparent temperature was in the range of 26.8~36.7℃, and exceeded the temperature standard for issuing heatwave warnings in growing of crops, food services activities and accommodation, warehousing, welding, and building construction. Both temperature index in growing of crops and building construction were higher than the outside air temperature. Conclusions: In the workplace, risks in industries that have not be controlled and recognized through existing systems was identified. it is necessary to provide break times according to the work-rest time ratio required during dangerous time period.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 1975

The concept and definition of nursing and her role have been changing in accordance with the socio-cultural factors of the initial society. At present, nursing is conceptualized as a health care profession assisting man to restore, maintain and promote health by providing knowledge, wilt strength and resources through various processes of interaction. Man′s behavior, of individual and group activities for health inclusive, is driven by the initial man′s value orientation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the value orientation regarding health of rural health center milieu in order to give data for; 1. the planning for the delivery of community nursing service, 2. the health education plan at all level of nursing care activities, and 3. the planning of curriculum for nursing education. A hundred opinion leaders among the labor population residing in rural areas (P-group), hundred and six professional nurses at rural health centers (N-group) were indirectly interviewed through questionaries. And ninety five of N-group were interviewed likewise of their perceptions of P-group (NP-group) from July 15, to October 15, 1974. The result is as follows: 1. Maintenance of health is revealed to be the most valued component for man′s happiness in all the three groups. (P-group: 7.30 S. D.=1.31), (N-group :7.84 S. D. =49), and (NP-group : 5.93 S. D. =2.28) 2. The average value score of the maintenance of health revealed significant difference by P〈.001 level between each of the three groups. (Between N-group and P-group : T= -4.07 P and NP ; T=-6.93, N and NP: T=-9.35) 3. Basic health maintenance activities necessary for maintenance and promotion of personal health were moderately valued by all the three groups, P-group ; 3.74 (S. D. =.43) , N-group: 3.52 (S. D. =.34), NP-group: 3.07 (S. D. :.55) Among the 8 categories of basic health maintenance activities, "food intake" was highly valued by P-group (mean value score; 4.00 S. D=.51) , "exercise and rest" and "personal cleanliness" was highly valued by both P-group (4.02, 4.08) and N-group (4.08, 4.22). 4. The mean value score of basic health maintenance activities revealed significant difference by P〈.001 level between each of the three groups (between P-group and N-group: T=-4, 07, N-and NP: T=-6.93, P and NP T=-9.35) 5. Among the 30 questionaries, dynamic activities for health maintenance were more valued in comparison to passive activities in an tile three groups. 6. In N-group, correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and the personal health status personal revealed moderate significance. Correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and the age revealed low significance. 7. In group, correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and; perception of personal health status revealed non significance, between the age and sex revealed low sign affiance, and between the educational status revealed moderate significance. Recommendations are as follows ; 1. The efforts towards alteration of value orientation concerning health in general in community nursing practice de focussed be that of family Planning. 2. In order to prepare professional nurses competent in understanding individual and group, social science and behavioral science be strength ended in planning nursing curriculum. 3. Milieu of nursing experience during nursing education be Planned to begin at simple nursing problem and move towards complex, f. e. home care towards health crisis situation in order to achieve dynamic role mastery.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2007

Global warming crisis due primarily to continued green house gas emission requires impending change to renewable alternative energy than continuously depending on exhausting fossil fuels. Bioenergy including biodiesel and bioethanol are considered good alternatives because of their renewable and sustainable nature. Bioethanol is currently being produced by using sucrose from sugar beet, grain starches or lignocellulosic biomass as sources of ethanol fermentation. However, grain production requires significant amount of fossil fuel inputs during agricultural practices, which means less competitive in reducing the level of green house gas emission. By contrast, cellulosic bioethanol can use naturally-growing, not-for-food biomass as a source of ethanol fermentation. In this respect, cellulosic ethanol than grain starch ethanol is considered a more appropriate as a alternative renewable energy. However, commercialization of cellulosic ethanol depends heavily on technology development. Processes such as securing enough biomass optimized for economic processing, pretreatment technology for better access of polymer-hydrolyzing enzymes, saccharification of recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials, and simultaneous fermentation of different sugars including 6-carbon glucose as well as 5-carbon xylose or arabinose waits for greater improvement in technologies. Although it seems to be a long way to go until commercialization, it should broadly benefit farmers with novel source of income, environment with greener and reduced level of global warming, and national economy with increased energy security. Mission-oriented strategies for cellulosic ethanol development participated by government funding agency and different disciplines of sciences and technologies should certainly open up a new era of renewable energy.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-74
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• 1998

Recently. the interest in Physical distribution has increased in economic geography This paper aims to review and prospect the internatonal physical distribution studies of international trade and international freight flows. And it has examined the changes in methodology of international physical distribution. Author has defined international physical distribution as the physical distribution of international trade and international freight flow The results are as follows : (1) As the methodology of international physical distribution studies developes, the physical distribution should be recognized not only as transportation phenomenon but also as total logistics which is understood as the combination of production and consumption including information flow. (2) The studies about model of international physical distribution flow ill need to study regional relations including urban, in the future. And economic geography and location theory adding culture and behaviour elements will be restructured, because not only state but also multinational corporation appear as trade subject in global economy. (3) The studies for the relation of habor and its hinterland in Physical distribution need to analyze the factors causing habor use with decision-making behaviour of corporation. (4) After oil crisis. as air freight is important, the studies for hinterland and foreland of freight centering international airport are needed because of necessity of light and small freight. flexible Production system, free trade, and high speed freight transportation of freshing food and flowers and so forth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2001

Schisandra nigra Max. has been cultivated far a medical use as well as food. It is an endemic species which has a unique habitat at the altitude of 600-1,400 m in Cheju island. In this study, three natural populations of S. nigra were investigated by using of starch-gel electrophoresis to determine the extent and distribution of genetic diversity. Except 2 monomorphic locus (Mdh-2 and Pgi-1), 4 of the 6 isozyme locus (Idh, Mdh-2, Mnr, and Pgi-2), verified from 4 isozymes, revealed polymorphism in the three populations of S. nigra. The mean number of allele per locus was 1.7 and the percentages of polymorphism loci were 38.9% at 95% level and 50% at 99% level respectively. The observed and estimated heterozygosities were 0.141 and 0.147 respectively. Although plants which were in the face of crisis and distributed in the restricted area, have been known to the very low degree of genetic variation, S. nigra showed higher genetic variation than others. Genetic variation was mostly allocated within population and individuals than that among populations. The result of Wright's F analysis estimates of $F_{IT}$ and $F_{IT}$ showed that S. nigra population revealed Hardy-Weinberg steady state.