• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2015

This study explores reading fluency among elementary school students considering language level and family income(low SES). Forty eight students from 1st to 3rd grades participated in two paragraph reading tasks. Half of the children were from low income family and half of the children had low lexical knowledge. Reading fluency as in the number of correctly read syllables per minute, the total error frequency and error types were used to compare group differences. There were significant differences in the number of correctly read syllables per minute between two income groups and two language groups. There was a significant difference between low income group and non-low income group in total number of errors only when children's lexical knowledge were low. There were no group differences in error types of repetition and omission. Substitution and insertion error seemed to reflect the total error pattern. These results imply the importance of early screening and early involvement for children with low lexical knowledge from low income family. Monitoring and early intervention will support these children's reading development.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.59-64
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• 2008

Objectives The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of Herbal medicine on post stroke cognitive deficit. Methods All groups were treated with acupunture treatment, moxa treatment, herbal medicines, physical and occupational therapy for 4 weeks, additionally cardiotonic pills(CP) were taken in the cardiotonic pills group. The effect of treatment was assessed using Verval fluency, MMSE-KC, Word List Immediate Recall test. Statistical significance was achived if the probability was less than 5%(p,0.05). Results Verval fluency, MMSE-KC, Word List Immediate Recall test scores increased in both group. MMSE-KC, Word List Immediate Recall test scores were significantly increased in the CP group. Verval fluency, MMSE-KC, Word List Immediate Recall test scores were significantly increased in the control group. In the Verval fluency, MMSE-KC, Word List Immediate Recall test of the CP group more increased compared to the control group. There were no significant differences between two groups. In the CP group, the scores of the infarction group more increased compared to the hemorrhage group. Conclusions According to the these results, herbal medicines are effective to improve post stroke cognitive-deficit. Futher studies are needed to know cardiotonic pills in the ischemic stroke.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.169-182
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• 2007

Creative problem solving skills in mathematics were measured by fluency, flexibility, and originality; cognitive strategies were measured by rehearsal, elaboration, organization, planning, monitoring, and regulating. The Creative Problem Solving Test in Mathematics developed at the Korea Educational Development Institute(Kim et al., 1997) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire(Pintrich & DeGroot, 1990) were administered to 84 subjects in grade 5(45 girls, 39 boys). Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis, and canonical correlation analysis. Results indicated that positive regulating predicted total score and fluency, flexibility, and originality scores of creative problem solving skills. Elaboration, rehearsal, organization, regulating, monitoring, and planning positively contributed to the fluency and flexibility scores of creative problem solving skills.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.207-227
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• 2011

This paper investigates how two different modes of feedback (selective vs. comprehensive) affect selected students' writing development in terms of three different types of measurement (accuracy, fluency, and complexity). 139 university students participated in the study, and 278 writing samples were analyzed. The results of the study indicate that participants who received selective feedback wrote more accurately and fluently than their counterparts. However, in terms of complexity, both selective and comprehensive groups showed no sign of improvement in semester-based investigations. The results of this study support Skehan's (2009) theory of trade-off effects, suggesting that 'natural' tension exists between accuracy and complexity when resources are limited. Moreover, this finding contrasts with the theory of Cognition Hypothesis, which proposes that task complexity will be associated with increases in complexity and accuracy. In the study, selected participants (N=21) strongly nominated their error sources as unfamiliarity toward using key words, usage, transition, and sentence types. This study not only contributes to the accumulation of our current knowledge in the related area of theory, but offers educational implications for those who are dealing with intermediate-level students when deciding what particular teaching content should constitute a priority within a limited instructional period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2012.06b
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• pp.471-473
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• 2012

The Category Fluency Test (CFT) is a widely used verbal fluency test. The standard measure of scoring the test is the number of distinct words that a subject generates during the test. Recently, other measures have also been proposed to evaluate performance, such as clustering and switching. In this study, we examine clusters and switches can be assessed using word similarity measures. Based on these measures, we can distinguish between subject groups.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.189-197
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• 2008

In the process of speech therapy, fluency is acquired and speech rate increases in the process when the behavioral modification strategy, inducing speech fluency by making speech rate slower intentionally in an early stage, is applied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the pause characteristics in slowed speech intentionally of treated stutterer. In this study, 10 developmental stutterers who had well established fluency in speech were involved. We had collected each 200 syllables sample of intentionally much slowed speech and a little slowed one in reading task. To measure the features of pause, total frequency of pauses, total durations of pauses, average duration of pauses and proportions of pause were investigated. The findings were as follows: Both the total durations and total frequency of pauses of much slowed speech were higher than that of a little slowed one. However, both the average duration and proportions of pauses of much slowed speech were not significantly higher than that of a little slowed one.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.109-115
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• 2012

This paper mainly aims to investigate how differently choral speech and altered auditory feedback (i.e., delayed auditory feedback, frequency-altered feedback) enhance speech fluency during sentence reading. To do this, a stuttering reduction rate was used and measured how much stuttering in frequency was reduced during each of the fluency enhancing conditions (i.e, typical choral reading, DAF, FAF) relative to typical solo reading. The results showed that stuttering frequency was reduced in the three fluency enhancing conditions and the highest mean value in stuttering reduction rate was observed during typical choral reading. Some discussion was provided in relation to the stuttering reduction rate observed during typical choral reading and its further speculation.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.157-168
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• 2001

The limited capacity model has been used to explain linguistic interactions and trade-offs that occur in children's speech. The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the interrelationship of MLU (as an index of syntactic development) and fluency in the spontaneous speech of normal children. Twenty normal children's (ten girls and ten boys, aged 36-48 months) spontaneous speech samples were obtained during free-play interactions with their mothers or other adults. The results indicated that the MLU of disfluent utterances were significantly longer than that of fluent utterances. Also, disfluencies occurred more frequently in longer utterances than in shorter utterances. In addition, the utterances where disfluencies occurred more than 2 times were longer than those where disfluencies occurred once. These results imply that the increase of MLU appear to affect not only the occurrence of disfluent utterances, but also the number of disfluencies within the utterances. In other' words, these findings show that there are trade-off effects between MLU and fluency. This is discussed within a limited capacity framework.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.165-171
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• 2018

As the artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in machine translation (MT) which has loomed large as a new translation paradigm, concerns have also arisen if MT can produce a quality product as human translation (HT) can. In fact, several MT experimental studies report cases in which the MT product called post-editing (PE) as equally as HT or often superior ([1],[2],[6]). As motivated from those studies on translation quality between HT and PE, this study set up an experimental situation in which Korean literature was translated into English, comparatively, by 3 translators and 3 post-editors. Afterwards, a group of 3 other Koreans checked for accuracy of HT and PE; a group of 3 English native speakers scored for fluency of HT and PE. The findings are (1) HT took the translation time, at least, twice longer than PE. (2) Both HT and PE produced similar error types, and Mistranslation and Omission were the major errors for accuracy and Grammar for fluency. (3) HT turned to be inferior to PE for both accuracy and fluency.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2024

This paper presents the development of language tutoring systems for nonnative speakers by leveraging advanced end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) and proficiency evaluation. Given the frequent errors in non-native speech, high-performance spontaneous speech recognition must be applied. Our systems accurately evaluate pronunciation and speaking fluency and provide feedback on errors by relying on precise transcriptions. End-to-end ASR is implemented and enhanced by using diverse non-native speaker speech data for model training. For performance enhancement, we combine semisupervised and transfer learning techniques using labeled and unlabeled speech data. Automatic proficiency evaluation is performed by a model trained to maximize the statistical correlation between the fluency score manually determined by a human expert and a calculated fluency score. We developed an English tutoring system for Korean elementary students called EBS AI Peng-Talk and a Korean tutoring system for foreigners called KSI Korean AI Tutor. Both systems were deployed by South Korean government agencies.