• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2011

Protected vegetable production area is greater than 26% of the total vegetable production area in Korea, and portion of protected production area is increasing for flowers and fruits. To secure stable productivity and profitability, continuous and intensive monitoring and control of protected crop production environment is critical, which is labor- and time-consuming. Failure to maintain proper environmental conditions (e.g., light, temperature, humidity) leads to significant damage to crop growth and quality, therefore farmers should visit or be present close to the production area. To overcome these problems, application of remote monitoring and control of crop production environment has been increasing. Wireless monitoring and control systems have used CDMA, internet, and smart phone communications. Levels of technology adoption are different for farmers' needs for their cropping systems. In this paper, potential of wireless remote monitoring of protected agricultural environment using CDMA SMS text messages was reported. Monitoring variables were outside weather (precipitation, wind direction and velocity, temperature, and humidity), inside ambient condition (temperature, humidity, $CO_2$ level, and light intensity), irrigation status (irrigation flow rate and pressure), and soil condition (volumetric water content and matric potential). Scenarios and data formats for environment monitoring were devised, tested, and compared. Results of this study would provide useful information for adoption of wireless remote monitoring techniques by farmers.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1979

The present study reports 41 cases of congenital and acquired heart diseases, who received open heart surgery under extracorporeal circulation [ECC] by Sarns Heart-Lung-Machine [HLM] at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital during the` period between July 1975 and February 1979. The priming of pump oxygenator was carried out by the hemodilution method using Hartman`s solution, whole blood, and fresh human plasma. The rate of hemodilution was in the average of 50.8 ml/kg. ECC was performed at the average perfusion flow rate of 85.0 ml/kg/min [2.43 L./ kg/2] and at moderate hypothermia. In the total cardiopulmonary bypass, arterial pressure ranged between 55 mmHg and 90 mmHg, but generally maintaining over 70 mmHg. Patient age ranged between 2 and 54 year old, in congenital heart diseases, between 2 and 28, in acquired heart diseases, between 17 and 54 Sex ratio of male to female was 20:21. The cases include a case of pulmonary valvular stenosis, 4 cases of atrial septal defect, 9 cases of ventricular septal defect, 9 cases of tetralogy of Fallot, 5 cases of pentalogy of Fallot, 3 cases of atypical multiple anomalies 7 cases of mitral stenosis or insufficiency, a case of myxoma in left atrium, and a case of ruptured aneurysm of Valsalva`s sinus. The surgical managements were 16 valvulotomy for pulmonary valvular stenosis, 2 Teflon patch graft closure and 5 simple suture closure of atrial septal defect, 16 Teflon patch graft closure and 5 simple suture closure of ventricular septal defect, 12 pericardial patch graft for infundibular stenosis of right ventricle, one anastomosis between left superior vena cava and right atrium, 2 open mitral commissurotomy, 5 mitral valve replacement using Starr-Edward`s ball valve, porcine xenograft by Hancock, by Carpentier-Edward, or Angell-Shiley, one removal of left atrial myxoma, and a repair of ruptured aneurysm of Valsalva`s sinus. Four [9.7%] out 41 cases expired postoperatively and the rest of 37 cases survived with satisfactory results. The causes of death were one coronary embolism in tetralogy of Fallot, 2 postoperative lower cardiac output in atypical multiple anomalies, and one right heart failure in large: ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.609-618
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• 2013

Curve number (CN), originally developed, compiled by 'The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)', and has been widely used throughout the world. However, there is the uncertainty of CN derived from the use of antecedent moisture condition (AMC)/Antecedent Runoff Condition (ARC). As in Korea where nearly 70% covered by mountainous area, it is still not sufficient handbook precedent to guide or support the estimation of AMC/ARC. The failure to develop formal criteria of applying AMC/ ARC will be a gaping profession and results not only in uncertainty of CN estimation in particular, but also in designing appropriate structures in Korea as a whole. This paper is aiming at presenting a critical review of AMC/ARC and deriving a procedure to deal more realistically with event rainfall-runoff over wider variety of initial conditions. Proposed methods have been developed. It is based on modifying estimated runoff to observed runoff with coefficient of determination and then applying different algebraic expression with the verification of AMC by antecedent rainfall table of NEH-1964. The result shows that algebraic expression by Arnold et al. (1996) is the most appropriate for AMC/ARC and the results of AMC/ARC estimation criteria are generally very close to each other. Therefore, this algebraic expression might be applied in South Korea condition properly.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2011

The microstructure and Cu diffusion barrier property of Ta-Si-N films for various Si and N compositions were studied. Ta-Si-N films of a wide range of compositions (Si: 0~30 at.%, N: 0~55 at.%) were deposited by DC magnetron reactive sputtering of Ta and Si targets. Deposition rates of Ta and Si films as a function of DC target current density for various $N_2/(Ar+N_2)$ flow rate ratios were investigated. The composition of Ta-Si-N films was examined by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). The variation of the microstructure of Ta-Si-N films with Si and N composition was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The degree of crystallinity of Ta-Si-N films decreased with increasing Si and N composition. The Cu diffusion barrier property of Ta-Si-N films with more than sixty compositions was investigated. The Cu(100 nm)/Ta-Si-N(30 nm)/Si structure was used to investigate the Cu diffusion barrier property of Ta-Si-N films. The microstructure of all Cu/Ta-Si-N/Si structures after heat treatment for 1 hour at various temperatures was examined by XRD. A contour map that shows the diffusion barrier failure temperature for Cu as a function of Si and N composition was completed. At Si compositions ranging from 0 to 15 at.%, the Cu diffusion barrier property was best when the composition ratio of Ta + Si and N was almost identical.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.119-127
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• 2007

Recently, microstructures fabricated using microstereolithography technology have been used in the biological, medical and mechanical fields. Microstereolithography can fabricate real 3D microstructures with fine features, although there is presently a limited number of materials available for use in the process. Deformation of the fine features on a fabricated microstructure remains a critical issue for successful part fabrication, and part deformation can occur during rinsing or during fabrication as a result of fluid flow forces that occur during movement of mechanical parts of the system. Deformation can result in failure to fabricate a particular feature by breaking the feature completely, spatial deflection of the feature, or attaching the feature to neighboring microstructures. To improve mechanical strength of fabricated microstructures, a clay nanocomposite can be used. In particular, a high-aspect ratio microstructure can be fabricated without distortion using photocurable liquid resin containing a clay nanocomposite. In this paper, a clay nanocomposite was blended with a photocurable liquid resin to solve the deformation problem that occurs during fabrication and rinsing. An optimal mixture ratio of a clay nanocomposite was found through tensile testing and the minimal allowable distance between microstructures was found through fabrication experimentation. Finally, using these results, high-aspect ratio microstructures were fabricated using a clay nanocomposite resin without distortion.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.109-112
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• 2001

Hiccups, also known as singultus, are spasmodic involuntary contractions of respiratory muscles that shorten respiration. The characteristic sound is caused by rapid closure of the glottis. In oriental medicine, the mechanism of hiccups is "reversed flow of Ki". Hiccups have been associated with neoplasm, infections, seizures, diabetes. renal failure, alcohol ingestion, various drugs, and ischemic events of the myocardium or central nervous system. We present a case of chronic hiccups after cerebral infarction that was successfully treated using moxibustion therapy.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.56-59
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• 2008

Extrahepatic portosystemic shunts, known as Abernethy malformations, were first reported by John Abernethy in 1793. They are classified into two types: Type I refers to a congenital absence of the portal vein and Type II refers to a shunt involving a side-to-side anastomosis with reduced portal blood flow into the liver parenchyma. This malformation is so rare that less than 100 cases have been reported in the medical literature. We report the case of a 13-month-old boy who had a congenital extrahepatic portocaval shunt with a hypoplastic portal vein. This case was complicated with an atrial septal defect and a large hyperplastic nodule in the liver. The patient was diagnosed with a Type II Abernethy malformation. We planned on surgical occlusion of the extrahepatic portocaval shunt. However, six months later, the patient had a sudden onset of a fever of unknown origin and developed hepatic encephalopathy. Although he underwent a liver transplantation, he died of acute hepatic failure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.440-443
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• 1996

Some tricuspid valve endocarditis can be controlled effectively with specific antibiotic treatment. However, surgical intervention Is necessary when there are continuing sepsis, moderate or severe heart failure, multiple pulmonary emboli, and echocardiographycally demonstrated vegitations. We are repoting a 19 year-old male patient who was admitted for the treatment of infective endocarditis. He previously had an operation for ventriculer septal defect (perimembranous type) about 9 years ago . An echocardiogram showed a large vegetation on the anterior cusp area and a left to right shunt through VSD, which was previously closed with dacron patch. A valve replacement in addition to antibiotic therapy was recommended for the patient. The patient underwent on operation : tricuspid valve replacement was done with 51. Jude medical valve prosthesis (33 mm), and in addition to above procedure, removal of vegetation and direct closure of VSD were done Postoperative echocardiogram showed that replaced tricuspid valve functioned well and vegeta ion and shunt flow were not observed. The patient recovered without complication and discharged at Postoperative day 25. Early aggressive surgical intervention is indicated to optimize surgical results, and this case seems to be a typical right sided bacterial endocarditis, which is caused by residual VSD. We are reporting a case of tricuspid valve endocarditis with a review of the literature. (Korean J Thorax Cardiovasc Surg 1996 ; 29: 440-3)

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compared with the properties of commercial polyvinyl siloxane impression materials on the Korean product and the other country one. The materials used in this study were 5 hydrophilic polvinyly siloxane impression materials of light body automixing type (Perfect-F, Handae Chemical, Korea; Examix, GC, Japan; Contrast, VOCO, Germany; Express, 3M, U.S.A; Extrude, Kerr, U.S.A.). Specimens of each impression material were fabricated from a mold with dimensions identical to that specified in ASTM D624-91 and were subjected to tensile lode at 500 mm/min until failure for tear strength. Properties of consistency, strain in compression, recovery from deformation, detail reproduction and linear dimensional change were tested according to the testing methods of the ISO specification no.4823(1992). From this study, the follow ing results were obtained 1. The tear strength values were high ET(3.4kN/m), EP(3.4kN/m), PF(3.0kN/m), CT(3.0kN/m), but the lowest was EM(2.2kN/m)(p<0.05). 2. In the consistency, CT(47 mm) had the highest value, followed by PF(42.1 mm), ET(41.2 mm), and EM(39.6 mm), EP(39.2 mm)(p<0.05). It means more flow that the consistency value is high. 3. The strain in compression values were high followed by EM(5.8%), PF(52%), CT(4.6%), ET(4.1%), EP(2.9%)(p<0.05). 4. In the recovery from deformation, ET(99.95%) and PF(99.90%) had the highest value, followed by EP(99.75%), EM(99.74%) without statistical signification, CT(99.64%) had the lowest value(p<0.05). 5. Detail reproduction reappeared to line $20{\mu}m$ all products. 6. The linear dimensional change was a little shrinked all products. and there were not statistical signification (p>0.05). All products were satisfied the ISO specification.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.14
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• pp.15-35
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• 2008

This is a study about importance of reading comics and discussions highlighted on anthropological perspective as a proper way of education. In introduction, we broght in the issues about failure of the past cartoon education in responding adequately to the flow of current comic book industry, as it has been biased to technical education which resulted in negligence of studies about meaning and function of cartoon. On the other hand, emphasizing the need for cartoon education complemented cultural and academic aspects, we presented reading comics and discussions as an alternative. The challenges we need to pay attention throughout reading comics and discussions have considered in all its aspects specifically like creative process of cartoon, coping with social prejudice against cartoon, study about aesthetic value of cartoon, the role of cartoon in cultural democracy, issue about postcolonialism, multiple popularity and etc.