• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 1983

Structuer, ontogeny, classification and taxonomic significance of trichomes have been studied in 39 genera and 125 species of the selected families in Malvales. They were studied on both vegetative and floral organs. There are nine types of eglandular and eight of glandular trichomes. The trichomes were classified on the basis of their form, structure and contents. All of them originated from a single papillate hair initial. According to the trichome data, the Malvales was comfirmed as a natural order with 5 homogenous families: Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2003

The morphology of the leaves and the flowers of angiosperms exhibit remarkable diversity. One of the factors showing the greatest variability of leaf organs is the leaf index, namely, the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. In some cases, different varieties of a single species or closely related species can be distinguished by differences in leaf index. To some extent, the leaf index reflects the morphological adaptation of leaves to a particular environment. In addition, the growth of leaf organs is dependent on the extent of the expansion of leaf cells and on cell proliferation in the cellular level. The rates of the division and enlargement of leaf cells at each stage contribute to the final shape of the leaf, and play important roles throughout leaf development. Thus, the control of leaf shape is related to the control of the shape of cells and the size of cells within the leaf. The shape of flower also reflects the shape of leaf, since floral organs are thought to be a derivative of leaf organs. No good tools have been available for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such biodiversity. However, we have recently obtained some information about molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis as a result of studies of leaves of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, a homolog of animal CtBP genes, controls leaf width. AN appears to regulate the polar elongation of leaf cells via control of the arrangement of cortical microtubules. By contrast, the ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene controls leaf length via the biosynthesis of steroid(s). We provide here an overview of the biodiversity exhibited by the leaf index of angiosperms. Taken together, we can discuss on the possibility of the control of the shapes and size of plant organs by transgenic approaches with the results from basic researches. For example, transgenic plants that overexpressed a wildtype ROT3 gene had longer leaves than parent plants, without any changes in leaf width. Thus, The genes for leaf growth and development, such as ROT3 gene, should be useful tools for the biodesign of plant organs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

The morphology of the leaves and the flowers of angiosperms exhibit remarkable diversity. One of the factors showing the greatest variability of leaf organs is the leaf index, namely, the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. In some cases, different varieties of a single species or closely related species can be distinguished by differences in leaf index. To some extent, the leaf index reflects the morphological adaptation of leaves to a particular environment. In addition, the growth of leaf organs is dependent on the extent of the expansion of leaf cells and on cell proliferation in the cellular level. The rates of the division and enlargement of leaf cells at each stage contribute to the final shape of the leaf, and play important roles throughout leaf development. Thus, the control of leaf shape is related to the control of the shape of cells and the size of cells within the leaf. The shape of flower also reflects the shape of leaf, since floral organs are thought to be a derivative of leaf organs. No good tools have been available for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such biodiversity. However, we have recently obtained some information about molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis as a result of studies of leaves of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, a homolog of animal CtBP genes, controls leaf width. AN appears to regulate the polar elongation of leaf cells via control of the arrangement of cortical microtubules. By contrast, the ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene controls leaf length via the biosynthesis of steroid(s). We provide here an overview of the biodiversity exhibited by the leaf index of angiosperms. Taken together, we can discuss on the possibility of the control of the shapes and size of plant organs by transgenic approaches with the results from basic researches. For example, transgenic plants that overexpressed a wild-type ROT3 gene had longer leaves than parent plants, without any changes in leaf width. Thus, The genes for leaf growth and development, such as ROT3 gene, should be useful tools for the biodesign of plant organs.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 1990

This study was attempted to clarify the taxonomic problems that have been raised up to now in the study o section Telephium, genus, Sedum: the delimitation of taxa belong to Telephium group, their relationship, and nomenclatural confusion and the rank of Telephium group. Specimens were collected at 19 sites in Korea. The habitat, distribution, external morphological characters of habit, leaf shape, phyllotaxy, inflorescence, color of floral organs, floral formula, carpel, capsule, and micro-characters of pollen, seed coat, stigma and anther with SEM were examined. Through this study, the following results were obtained. The delimitation of taxa that belong to section Telephium in Korea and their relationship Nomenclatural errors were corrected. In S. rotundifolium Lee, species epithet“rotundifolium”is later homonym of s. rothundifolium Lamarck, so corrected to S. duckbongii Chung and Kim by article 64 of ICBN. Phyllotaxy was elucidated to meaningless, character in sect. Telephium. S. taquetii was a separate species from S. viridescens and not of its synonym. S. alboroseum Baker in Korea was S. erythrostictum sensu Master not of S. erythrostictum Miquel. By this study , taxa of sect. Telephium in Korea were arranged to 7 species. Considering interspecific relationship of sect. Telephium, S. duckbongii and S. alboroseum are considered to be more advanced forms and S. viridescens, S. taquetii, and S. viviparum to be more primitive forms among 7 species.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2000

We investigated the structure of floral organs and possibility of seed-set to breed a variety in ginger Zingiber officinale Rosc. Floral bud was formed from collected domestic Seosan var, and foregin Thailand var, the number of florets per bud were 8 and 10 in Seosan and Thailand var, respectively, Flowering time ranged from 18 to 25 August irregularly at 4-5 pm. The flower has the long styled with fiber hairs on top of stigma and connected-two anthers. Pollens were mixed of circular and ellips shape and its extine was two layer structure. Callus formation from anther explants was effective with compact and embryogenic on N$_{6}$ medium supplemented 2 mg/l of NAA(NCM). Plant regeneration was on the MS medium with BA of 1-2 mg/l from 40 days old callus after transferred callus medium.m.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb) flower. VOCs of persimmon flower was collected via SPE (solid phase micro extraction) and determined by GC-MS according to tree age and organs such as flower and calyx. The ratio of early bloom was higher in more than 15 year old tree than other trees showing tree age was related with flowering rate. Major VOCs of persimmon flower was a-pinene, butane, caryophyllene, cubebene, lavandulol, D-limoneneylangene, ylangene, mainly included green, fruit, and floral flavors. The number of VOCs in persimmon flower was 30 compounds in 5-9 years old tree, 24 compounds in 10-14 years old tree, and 32 compounds in more than 15 years old tree. In comparison with VOCs in organs of sweet persimmon 'Fuyu' cultivar, flower has 10 compounds of VOCs and 26.35% of relative peak area, while calyx has 14 compounds and 46.28%, respectively. In astringent persimmon, flower has 6 compounds of VOCs and 17.58% of relative peak area, while calyx has 9 compounds and 50.27%, showing calyx of both cultivars has various volatile compounds. This study will contribute to provide a basic data for the fragrance industry to use the flavor of persimmon flower.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.420-428
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• 2015

The majority of cultivated varieties of grape have perfect flowers that are clustered in an individual inflorescence. Grape flower has a single pistil, five stamens, a protective flower cap (calyptra), and a calyx. After fertilization, an individual flower develops into a single berry. Although there are a number of reported studies focusing on berry formation, berry enlargement, and sugar accumulation in grape, the morphological studies of flower, including gametophyte morphogenesis and structural change in floral organs, have not yet been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated the flower structure and development characteristics of grape using microscopy and defined the floral development stages 9 to 13 based on microspore or male gametophyte development stage from tetrad to mature pollen. We used seeded diploid table grapes 'Campbell Early' (Vitis labruscana) and 'Tamnara' (V. spp.) as plant materials. At floral development stage 9, pollen mother cells develop to tetrads. During floral development stages 10 to 11, unicellular microspore develop to mid bicellular pollen. At the end of floral stage 12, male gametophyte develops to mature tricelluar pollen. In floral stage 13, the flower cap falls off and flower bud opens. During floral development stages 9 to 12, there were no major changes in calyx length, whereas the length of the flower cap continuously increased. The flower cap-to-calyx length ratio was 2.0, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.5 at floral stages 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively. The flower cap-to-calyx length ratio was consistent in the two grape cultivars, suggesting that the ratio is a morphological character representing floral development stage. This study provides a reference for determining floral development stage of the two grape cultivars. It will be useful for the determination of optimum time for microspore culture needed to generate doubled haploid lines and appropriate gibberellic acid treatment needed to induce parthenocarpic fruit development in 'Tamnara' grape.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.845-852
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• 2007

The highly evolved flowers of orchids have colorful sepals and fused columns that offer an opportunity to discover new genes involved in floral development in monocotyledon species. In this investigation, we cloned and characterized the homologous PISTALLATA-like (PI-like) gene PhPI15 ($\underline{Ph}alaenopsis$ $\underline{PI}$ STILLATA # $\underline{15}$), from the Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar. The protein sequence encoded by PhPI15 contains a typical PI-motif. Its sequence also formed a subclade with other monocot PI-type genes in phylogenetic analysis. Southern analysis showed that PhPI15 was present in the Phalaenopsis orchid genome as a single copy. Furthermore, it was expressed in all the whorls of the Phalaenopsis flower, while no expression was detected in vegetative organs. The flowers of transgenic tobacco plants ectopically expressing PhPI15 showed male-sterile phenotypes. Thus, as a Class-B MADS-box gene, PhPI15 specifies floral organ identity in orchids.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2003

To find out the relationship between pod development and cytokinin contents during reproductive stage of peanut, the cytokinin contents, trans-zeatin ribo-side (t-ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (diZR), were investigated at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after flowering (DAF). The amounts of t-ZR and diZR in cotyledon and first branch among primary branches were 3, 448 pmol/g (FW) and 4, 824 p/g (FW), respectively, which were higher than those of other branches. The t-ZR and diZR contents of lower parts on the branch from cotyledon node at 7 DAF were 579 pmol/g (FW) and 2, 028 pmol/g (FW), respectively, which were higher than those of upper parts. The cytokinin contents of reproductive organs as flowering progressed were increased at 0 and 14 DAF on branch and position of node. The cytokinin contents of upper part with pruning the lower part on the branch from cotyledon node were high 112-337% at 7 DAF and 14 DAF compared with those of the control. In case of remove the upper part of the first internode on main axis, t-ZR contents was 4.7 times higher than diZR contents at 7 DAF. The pod setting rate of flower and position on the branch from cotyledon node was closely related to the cytokinin contents during floral reproductive stage.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 1996

This study was carried out to understand the flowering and pollination characteristics in Bupleurum falcatum. Estimated total node numbers of primary branches were 106.6, and the total numbers of florets were theoretically 9,622 until secondary branches flower. In the sizes of floral organs according to the branch order, all of ray, pedicel, petal, pistil, stamen, ovary surface, and sepals have a tendancy to be smaller as this order: main stem> 1st branch> 2nd branch. As the branch development proceeds, the size of florets was getting smaller. Each flowering periods, especially stamen emergence, in different branch positons and in intra-branch were clearly divided. In case of florets, umbellets, and compound umbels enveloped in the gauze and paper, they showed 0% fertilization rate. However, the plants which were entirely enveloped in gauze led to the partial fertilization. Consequently, it was admitted that B. falcatum was a partly allogamous plant, fertilized in the way of entomophily. In respect of pol­linatability according to the steps of floral organs maturation, this plant was able to bear fruit after 8 days (Pistil maturation). It was at maturity stages, especially 11 through 13 days, that the maximum fer­tilization rate appeared.