• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2023

This study examined the importance of screening for changing bodybuilding and fitness category. The screening criteria for bodybuilding, the background and reason for the creation of new bodybuilding and fitness items, the screening criteria for new items, and the use of drugs were described. The current bodybuilding gives high marks to excessive muscles and excessive diet conditions, and new bodybuilding category have been newly established in line with the recent global trend of pursuing natural beauty over abnormally excessive muscles, and the screening criteria also prioritize the balance of ideal and overall muscles to fit your height and weight. In addition, fitness events such as physique and bikini are gaining popularity with the establishment because they focus on not excessive muscles and natural elements of the body that ordinary people can challenge. Since athletes as well as ordinary people are using drugs to increase muscles and suffer side effects, IFBB(International Federation of BodyBuilding) and KBBF(Korea Body Building Federation) should consider and improve the current bodybuilding screening standards that avoid excessive muscles, and it is believed that bodybuilding and fitness events will develop only when strict punishment and continuous anti-doping education are carried out.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2021

In this study, a new stopping criterion, called "backward controlled stopping criterion" (BCSC), was proposed to be used in Genetic Algorithms. In the study, the available stopping citeria; adaptive stopping citerion, evolution time, fitness threshold, fitness convergence, population convergence, gene convergence, and developed stopping criterion were applied to the following four comparison problems; high strength concrete mix design, pre-stressed precast concrete beam, travelling salesman and reinforced concrete deep beam problems. When completed the analysis, the developed stopping criterion was found to be more accomplished than available criteria, and was able to research a much larger area in the space design supplying higher fitness values.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.46-58
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• 2019

This study analyzes the effects of lifestyle on wetsuits purchasing behavior and identifies various characteristics among lifestyle groups. A questionnaire survey of 213 domestic consumers with water sport activity and wetsuits experience indicated the following results: 1) Lifestyle factors were analyzed as 6 factors: social relation ships, development orientation, trend & appearance, domestic, positive acknowledgement of hobbies, pursuit of practicality. And the wetsuits selection criteria was 4 factors: wearing fitness, product information, design, reputation. 2) Social relationships, development orientation, positive acknowledgement of hobbies and pursuit of practicality factors had a positive effect fitness. Trend & appearance, development orientation, and pursuit of practicality factors had a positive effect on product information factors ; in addition, development orientation, and trend & appearance, a positive acknowledgement of hobbies factors had a positive effect design factors. Social relationships, trend & appearance, and pursuit of practicality factors had a positive effect on reputation factors. However, trend & appearance factors negatively affected the wearing fitness factors and the positive acknowledgement of hobbies factors had negative effect on product information, reputation factors. 3) The three groups of lifestyle factors showed differences in monthly average purchasing of clothes, average annual purchasing expenditures for water sports related products, number of water sport activity days and frequency, product selection criteria.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.697-704
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• 2007

This study proposes an integrated technique of Genetic Algorishim (GA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for designing the water quality monitoring networks. To develop solution scheme of the integrated system, fitness functions are defined by the linear combination of five criteria which stand for the operation objectives of water quality monitoring stations. The criteria include representativeness of a river system, compliance with water quality standards, supervision of water use, surveillance of pollution sources and examination of water quality changes. The fitness level is obtained through calculations of the fitness functions and input data from GIS. To find the most appropriate parameters for the problems, the sensitivity analysis is performed for four parameters such as number of generations, population sizes, probability of crossover, and probability of mutation. Using the parameters resulted from the sensitivity analysis, the developed system proposed 110 water quality monitoring stations in the Nakdong River. This study demonstrates that the integrated technique of GA and GIS can be utilized as a decision supporting tool in optimized design for a water quality monitoring network.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to review the effect of previous research data with virtual reality-based Physical Activity Therapy Programs(PATPs) in adult on the physical fitness factors. Research articles were retrieved from 2008 to 2021 with the Research Information Sharing Service(RISS) and Pubmed database. The main search terms were 'care', 'therapy', 'healing', 'exercise' or 'physical activity', and 'virtual reality'. The criteria for selecting articles of this study were the originality, duplication, Randomized controlled trial(RCT) experiment and subject. Finally, 18 papers were selected among 318 articles, which were excluded if any of the criteria was not satisfied. Most of papers(15) were conducted in the last 5 years, because of the high interest due to the development of virtual reality implementation technology and COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were mainly patients(8), and the types of diseases were stroke(2). The physical fitness factors were mostly balance ability(7), muscle strength(7), and range of motion(6). All the physical fitness factors were significantly improved after PATPs. However, 11 studies were conducted for less than 4 weeks, including 6 studies were performed a bout of acute exercise. Also, 14 studies did not clearly present the intensity of PATPs. In addition, there were 9 studies, that simply applied games without specialized programs. In conclusion, it seems that virtual reality-based PATPs have a positive effect on physical fitness factors. However, VR-based PATPs should be specialized and developed in order to verify their effectiveness for the further research.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.190-199
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to propose the standard of health-related fitness evaluation according to the working styles of male manufacturing workers. The subjects were 15,329 male manufacturing workers aged from 40 to 59 years old who had taken a health-related fitness test by K Institution. Health-related fitness components are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition. We measured Vo2max, grip strength, sit-up, trunk flexion forward, and body fat percentage to ascertain each component. Data were analyzed with Two-way ANOVA, T-test, One-way ANOVA(Scheffe) and Percentile using SPSS version 18.0 program. The analysis results are as follows. First, the health-related fitness of manufacturing workers varied significantly according to their working styles(maximum oxygen uptake : F=88.67(p<.001), grip strength : F=20.09(p<.001), sit-up : F=42.06(p<.001), trunk flexion forward : F=69.44(p<.001), body fat percentage : F=136.75(p<.001)).Therefore, the evaluation standard was set based on the percentile of health fitness items. Second, the average Vo2max, grip strength, and trunk flexion forward of blue-collar workers were higher than those of white-collar workers at all ages. On the other hand, the average sit-up and body fat percentage of white-collar workers were higher than those of blue-collar workers at all ages. Third, these evaluation criteria differed greatly when compared with the results of the National Physical Fitness Survey. Therefore, we have confirmed that the evaluation criteria should be applied differently according to the working style of a worker when evaluating his health-related fitness.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.140-148
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• 2003

This study examined the relationship between body fitness and body composition as well as the body fluid and intracellular fluid (ICF) of extremities to determine body composition's quantitative criteria for body fitness. Multiple-frequency segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis and the physical fitness test provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology were used to measure body composition and physical fitness, respectively. The test results showed that in women in their fifties, the correlation between the amount of body fluid in the upper limbs and grip strength was r=.654 (p<0.01) for the right arm and r=.445 for the left while that between the amount of ICF in the upper limbs and grip strength was r=.708 (p<0.01) for the right and r=.323 for the left. Also, in women in their fifties, the correlation between the amount of body fluid in the lower limbs and the result of a repetitive side jump test was r=.730 for the right leg and r=.753 for the left (p<0.01 for both), and that between the amount of ICF and the counts for the right and left legs was even higher with r=.742 and r=.763, respectively (p<0.01 for both). The body fluid and ICF volumes in the right extremities exceeded those in the left, and physical fitness was correlated with both body fluid and ICF. These findings indicate a connection between physical fitness and body fluid and ICF, suggesting that body composition may help predict physical fitness.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2003

Investigations on the contaminated lands due to heavy metals from mining activities or hydrocarbons from oil spillage for example, should be planned based on specific fitness-for-purpose criteria(FFP criteria). A FFP criterion is site specific or varies with situation, based on which not only the data quality but also the decision quality can be determined. The limiting factors on the qualities can be, for example, the total budget for the investigation, regulatory guidance or expert's subjective fitness-for-purpose criterion. This paper deals with planning of investigation methods that can satisfy each suggested FFP criterion based on economic factors and the data quality. To this aim, a probabilistic loss function was applied to derive the cost effective investigation method that balances the measurement uncertainty, which estimates the degree of the data quality, with the decision quality. In addition, investigation planning methods when the objectives of investigations do not lie in the classification of the land but simply in producing the estimation of the mean concentration of the contaminant at the site(e.g. for the use in risk assessment), were also suggested. Furthermore, the efficient allocation of resources between sampling and analysis was also devised. These methods were applied to the two contaminated sites in the UK to test the validity of each method.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2017

Background: Recommendations have been proposed for minimum aerobic fitness among firefighters but it is unclear if those criteria relate to performance on the fireground. Less fit individuals fatigue more quickly than fit individuals when working at comparable intensity and may have gait changes, increasing risk of falls. We evaluated the effect of fatigue during a live burn evolution on gait parameters and functional balance comparing them to aerobic fitness levels. Methods: A total of 24 firefighters had gait and balance tested before and after a live burn evolution. Data were stratified by aerobic fitness of greater/less than 14 metabolic equivalents (METs). Results: Analysis of gait cycles measurements before and after the live burn evolution revealed that single leg stance, cycle, and swing time decreased (p < 0.05) but there were no differences in the other measures. There were no differences in time to complete the functional balance test, or errors committed before or after a live burn evolution. When firefighters were sorted by fitness level of 14 METs, there were no differences for errors or time before or after the live burn evolution. Balance data were analyzed using a linear regression. Individuals with lower fitness levels required more time to complete the test. Conclusion: A 14-MET criterion failed to distinguish gait or balance characteristics in this group. However, less fit firefighters did require more time to complete the balance test (p = 0.003). Aerobic fitness alone does not predict gait changes among firefighters following a live burn evolution but does appear to influence functional balance.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.548-560
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate purchasing behavior of jeans consumers and to find differences in jeans evaluative criteria according to consumers' characteristics. Male and female university students participated in the study. Quota sampling method was used to collect the data. Data from 492 questionnaires were used for the statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, ANOVA, Duncan test, and t-test were conducted. Three factors of jeans evaluative criteria classified (i.e., external criteria, internal/aesthetic criteria, internal/quality criteria). Results indicated that most of respondents put on jeans wear more than three times per a week and 38.1% of respondents reported that they owned three to four jeans products on average. Department store was the most used place to buy jeans product with 44.2%. 27.5% of respondents spent from 50,000 won to 100,000 won on purchasing jeans. Style was the highest important jeans evaluative criterion with 36.2%, followed by fitness, price, color, condition of washing treatment. Women respondents considered aesthetic criteria and quality criteria more importantly than men did. Respondents who were on a high income and spent more than 200,000 won per a month on apparel more concerned aesthetic criteria and external criteria than the other respondents did. Results of this study provide a basis for understanding jeans consumers' purchase behavior and evaluative criteria.