• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.5-23
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• 2011

Objective : This study grasps specific task on paramedics who plays a great role in the emergency scene, thereby eliciting definition of job called paramedics and analyzing occupation by DACUM method. Thus, the aim is to suggest working-level guidelines on the task of paramedics. Methods : It targeted paramedics who are working at hospitals, fire stations, and industries in Seoul and Gyeonggi area from Oct. 11, 2010 to Nov. 30. A total of 608 copies of questionnaire were analyzed by DACUM method. A research tool on occupational analysis consisted of 8 pieces for duty, 43 pieces for task, and 149 pieces for task elements. In order to survey performance frequency, importance, and difficulty by element, each task was developed by this research team, and each task was analyzed and finally elicited through workshop of DACUM method. Results : The occupational definition of paramedics, which was defined through this DACUM, was elicited as 'professional job of performing emergency medical care on the scene, during transferring, or within medical institution in order to maintain life and prevent wound deterioration, targeting a person who is put in emergency situation.' Task element, whose performance frequency was indicated to be the highest, was in order of checking mental status($2.76{\pm}0.497$), checking vital signs($2.70{\pm}0.578$), and airway/c-spine immobilization($2.69{\pm}.546$). Especially, defibrillation stood at $2.23{\pm}.655$ points. Task element, whose performance frequency was low, was in order of caring sexual abuse victims($1.32{\pm}0.563$), performing cricothyrotomy($1.36{\pm}0.618$), and caring cardiac arrest victims($1.40{\pm}0.636$). Importance of task was in order of airway/c-spine immobilization ($2.88{\pm}0.338$), maintenance of respiration($2.88{\pm}0.351$), caring cardiac arrest victims($2.87{\pm}0.349$), and performing CPR($2.87{\pm}0.361$). Task element, whose importance is low, was indicated to be in order of enema($2.29{\pm}0.736$), urinary catheterization($2.35{\pm}0.664$), and nasogastric intubation($2.35{\pm}0.667$). Task element, whose difficulty was shown to be the highest, was indicated to be in order of caring cardiac arrest victims during pregnancy ($2.60{\pm}0.559$), caring cardiovascular injury($2.59{\pm}0.546$), and labor management($2.53{\pm}0.533$). Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, the job performance work table(Dacom chart) of paramedics is suggested to be used, thereby being applied to development in education and curriculum of paramedics. It is necessary to evaluate usefulness of the job performance work table by estimating effect of education for paramedics based on the job performance work table of paramedics.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.141-152
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic materials for searching the way of improvement to heighten the emergency medical welfare level by one step further. To achieve this purpose, the subjects of this study were selected 452 college students in Gwangju, using a random sampling method. The statistical analysis methods utilized for analyzing the collected data are frequency analysis, $x^2$ test. The conclusions obtained from these analyses are as following ; 1. In question about necessary optimum number of persons for rescue first aid activity, health and non-health major college students responded by 39.2%, 45.3% respectively that rescue team 15 people, first aid team 3 people is most suitable. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 2. In question about security of the public health doctor and the emergency medical technician, all health and non-health major college students are recognizing necessity urgently, but there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 3. In question about 119 rescue first aid team member applying for an examination qualification grant to the department of EMT's graduate, all health and non-health major college students were highest by 52.9%, 52.4% respectively in "necessity" item. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 4. Because rescue first aid equipment level appears higher than 41.7% in non-health major college student's case by 54.2% in health major college student's case, health major college students are recognizing that equipment level should be supplemented more but there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 5. In question about equipment supplement, all health and non-health major college students appeared highest by 64.8%, 69.3% in accident type different special equipment. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 6. In question about rescue ambulance car size, we could know being thinking that health and non-health major college student each 61.2%, 56.5% is small and narrow that large size of the rescue ambulance amount need. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 7. In question about patient's state is worsened, because rescue first aid equipment is inferior, health major college student responded sometimes 55.1%, many 29.5%. very many by 11.5%, while non-health major college student responded 65.8%, 23.1%, 4.0% respectively. There was significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 8. In question about emergency patient must utilize for 119 rescue ambulance car, all health and non-health major college students appeared highest by 38.8%, 41.3% in "not so" item. In question about rescue first aid team's first-aid treatment ability improves more, all health and non-health major college students appeared highest by 58.1% and 58.7% respectively in "improve" item. In question about "119 rescue ambulance car must go more rapidly than now", all health and non-health major college students are recognizing that should be quicker by 58.1%, 60.9% respectively. When called to 119 all health and non-health major college students responded highest by 55.5%, 53.3% respectively that we must receive first-aid treatment direction from a doctor. In question about "119 rescue ambulance car must be made the pay system", all health and non-health major college students responded 74%, 80% respectively in "not so" item. There was significant difference in major department(p<0.05). In conclusions, In oder to provide superior rescue first aid service to people, a public health doctor should be placed in the situation room inside the fire station so that the doctor could instruct the proper emergency treatment suitable for each situation to the rescue first aid team. Also, national education about a first-aid treatment that do to all people is necessarily necessary in emergency delivery system and this should be spread extensively through school education and broadcasting medium and education should be gone side by side, and see that will can save emergency patients' life which is more when these education consists continuously fixed period for public institution of policeman, fire officer etc. specially. And for reinforcement of patient transfer system, public organization must procure special ambulance car so that emergency patient receive first aid treatment while transfer.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.162-172
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• 2016

Since the Northridge earthquake in 1994 and the Kobe earthquake in 1995 occurred, the concept of performance based design has been introduced for designing various kinds of important structures and buildings. Uniform hazard spectra (UHS), with annual exceedance probabilities, corresponding to the performance level of each structure, are required for performance-based design. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed using spectral ground motion prediction equations, which were developed from both Korean Peninsula and Central and Eastern US region, and several seismotectonic models suggested by 10 expert panel members in seismology and tectonics. The uniform hazard spectra for 5 highly populated cities in Korea, with recurrence period of 500, 1,000, and 2,500 years using the seismic hazard at the frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 Hz and Peak ground acceleration (PGA) were analyzed using the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. The sensitivity analysis suggests that spectral ground motion prediction equations impact much more on seismic hazard than what seismotectonic models do. The uniform hazard spectra commonly showed a maximum hazard at the frequency of 10 Hz and also showed the similar shape characteristics to the previous study and related technical guides to nuclear facilities.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 1998

In the past most major accidents resulted in death, but today there is a dramatic increase in the number of people who survive such accidents but who are left with permanent injury. Particularly, children who are inquisitive about their surroundings but immature in their ability to assess danger, are more vulnerable to accidents and their causes as well as to determine attitudes towards prevention. The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of using an accident prevention manual for accident for accident prevention education. The study was a quasi-experimental study using a questionnaire format. The subjects of the study were 393 mothers of children attending six day care centers in Seoul. Data collection was done between May 1 and June 15, 1997. The tools used for the study were a questionnaire developed the researchers and a manual for accident prevention. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Types of accidents included stabbing, bums, falls from heights, choking, falls on slippery surfaces, traffic accidents, drowning, poisoning, and electrical shock in that order of frequency. 2. The main causes of accidents in children were from cosmetics and household medications. 3. The most frequent locations of accidents in the home were the bathroom, kitchen, and stairways in that order. 4. For $90.4\%$ of children safety seats were not used when the ridding in a car. 5. In examining the parents' accident prevention practices, it was found that many parents used only . one electrical outlet for many appliances, tending to overload the electricity lines and that they were not practically concerned bout the flammability of children's pajamas, indicating a less than positive attitude towards fire prevention. 6. The parents had not provided their children with any instruction on accident prevention or on what to do after an accident had occurred. 7. After the use of pamphlet in an accident prevention education program, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in the degree to which children carried out safety measures (t=14.96, p=.000) and in their safety habits (t=-1.67, p<.1) indicating an effectiveness in this method of education. The results of this study showed that there are many things in a child's environment that can cause accidents and that the possibility of an accident occurring is high. So nurses looking after children should be aware of the need for safety education to prevent accidents in the home and plan to provide appropriate educational material to help parents with this education.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.813-820
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• 2009

Background : Static blood is a kind of etiological factor including stagnated blood and blood overflowed out of the vessels. It is one of the causes of stroke in oriental medicine. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the static blood pattern and its indicators in stroke pattern diagnosis. Methods : For the standardization of pattern diagnosis in stroke, we set 5 patterns (Fire-heat, Dampness-phlegm, Static blood, Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency) and developed 61 indicators. Patients with a first-ever stroke, within 1 month after the onset of stroke. Two physicians checked the indicators independently. They then performed pattern diagnosis and rechecked the indicators which were referred to pattern diagnosis. If pattern identifications were diagnosed the same, it would confirm pattern identification. We examined the frequency of all indicators and referred indicators in static blood pattern patients. Results : In 859 patients, static blood pattern was shared by 24(2.8%). The indicators which affect static blood pattern were mainly rough pulse and bluish purple tongue, other indicators were not major effectors. Conclusion : This result shows that it is inconsistent to set up static blood pattern as a major pattern in stroke. Nevertheless, static blood is still a valuable concept in the clinical field. Other study methods will be required to establish the pattern diagnostic indicators for static blood pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.120-125
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• 2002

In the preceding tests using the KSR-III Sub.(I) engines, it was observed that the heat resistant capability of the engines was not enough for the mission. So Sub.(I) Mod. engines were designed and tested. The Sub.(I) Mod. engines have three major design parameters - the arrangement of main injectors, the impinging angle of main injectors and thermal barrier coating. More than twenty experiments were carried on to evaluate engine performance and heat resistance capability with respect to design parameters. In this study, the test results are introduced. Analysing the result of Sub.(I) engine tests, it is found that decreasing the impinging angle, adopting the H-type arrangement(rather than radial type arrangement) and adopting the thermal barrier coating can increase heat resistance capacity substantially. Also, engine performance evaluation is conducted using specific impulse and characteristic velocity parameter. The results show that the performance variation is small(about 5%) and the performance is better in the case of radial arrangement. It is suspected that these phenomena are caused by the change of flame structure atomization mixing characteristic of sprays and the distortion of recirculation zone. Also from the low frequency instability point of view, it is observed that reducing the impinging angle and adopting the H type arrangement can increase the instability characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.48-57
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• 2020

This study examined the influence of the quality of work life on the organizational effectiveness and customer orientation in 119 paramedics. This study also offers basic data for improving the quality of emergency medical services in the future. A survey was conducted from February 3. 2019 through May 7, 2019, on 308 male and female fire officers in Daegu, North Gyeongsang Province. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version, and frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were carried out. First, there was a positive correlation among the QWL of the 119 paramedics, their OE and CO. Second, the QWL (personal, management dimension) of the 119 paramedic's was a factor that affected OE and job satisfaction. Third, the QWL (personal, management dimension) of the 119 paramedics had an impact on the CO. (ED note: please check all this and it was not clear. It may be correct now.)Forth, the impact of the OE of the 119 paramedics on the CO exerted a significant influence on the OE and job satisfaction. Given the findings of the study, the QWL of 119 paramedics should be improved to heighten paramedics' welfare to promote the quality of emergency medical services.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5861-5869
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• 2014

Existing studies of building exterior materials have focused on the colors or textures of cladding, and in terms of a design planning approach, have focused on the use of the environment and equipment and fire safety topics from an engineering perspective. As a result, little research has been done on performance guidelines for exterior materials, specifically according to the building type. Research into eco-friendly cladding materials is also in the rudimentary stage in a practical sense. In this study, the use of exterior materials over the last ten years in domestic construction was analyzed. The usage status of building exterior materials was evaluated quantitatively by frequency analysis, and its environmental performance is proposed through complex (qualitative + quantitative) analysis. The average value of the exterior material type number used for all analyzed buildings was 2.59. Glass, metal, stone, resin, cement, wood, and clay were used in that order with regard to the usage status. The analysis found that five of the materials satisfied the high efficiency and eco-friendly grading in terms of the four characteristics of an eco-friendly exterior. A list of eight eco-friendly elements was also proposed. The eco-friendly elements and characteristics of the exterior materials were derived to provide basic guidelines for domestic construction companies and design offices.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.167-178
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• 2017

We present a study of the inexplicit connection between radio jet activity and ${\gamma}$-ray emission of BL Lacertae (BL Lac; 2200+420). We analyze the long-term millimeter activity of BL Lac via interferometric observations with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) obtained at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz simultaneously over three years (from January 2013 to March 2016); during this time, two ${\gamma}$-ray outbursts (in November 2013 and March 2015) can be seen in ${\gamma}$-ray light curves obtained from Fermi observations. The KVN radio core is optically thick at least up to 86 GHz; there is indication that it might be optically thin at higher frequencies. To first order, the radio light curves decay exponentially over the time span covered by our observations, with decay timescales of $411{\pm}85$ days, $352{\pm}79$ days, $310{\pm}57$ days, and $283{\pm}55$ days at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, respectively. Assuming synchrotron cooling, a cooling time of around one year is consistent with magnetic field strengths $B{\sim}2{\mu}T$ and electron Lorentz factors ${\gamma}$ ~ 10 000. Taking into account that our formal measurement errors include intrinsic variability and thus over-estimate the statistical uncertainties, we find that the decay timescale ${\tau}$ scales with frequency ${\nu}$ like ${\tau}{\propto}{\nu}^{-0.2}$. This relation is much shallower than the one expected from opacity effects (core shift), but in agreement with the (sub-)mm radio core being a standing recollimation shock. We do not find convincing radio flux counterparts to the ${\gamma}$-ray outbursts. The spectral evolution is consistent with the 'generalized shock model' of Valtaoja et al. (1992). A temporary increase in the core opacity and the emergence of a knot around the time of the second ${\gamma}$-ray event indicate that this ${\gamma}$-ray outburst might be an 'orphan' flare powered by the 'ring of fire' mechanism.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.447-455
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was to investigate oral hygiene knowledge and the actual condition of oral care for the students in the public health and non-public health Departments. Methods: The survey sample consisted of 262 randomly selected students. 197 of them are public health-related students and 65 are non-public health-related students. The questionnaires used in this study consisted of 4 items for general information, oral health status of 2 items, 5 items for Oral hygiene knowledge and actual condition of oral care of 5 items. Collected data were analyzed by Frequency Analysis t-test and Crosstabs using SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Win 19.0 statistics program. Results: Regarding general characteristics of the subjects, there were 53.8% of first-year student, 26.0% of second-year student and 20.2% of third-year student among 52.3% of males and 47.7% of females. The subjects received less than "100,000" won(13.0%), "100,000-190,000" won (5.0%), "200,000-290,000" won(30.9%), "300,000-390,000" won (33.2%) and more than "400,000" won(17.9%) a month for an allowance. The subjects had 'none' (44.3%), '1'(6.5%), '2'(12.6%), '3'(5.0%), '4'(5.3%), 'more than' 5(0.8%) of dental caries and 'do not know' were 25.6%. The numbers of dental prosthetics were 'no' (35.5%), '1'(13.7%), '2'(17.2%), '3'(10.3%), '4'(11.5%), and 'more than 5'(11.8%). The public health students(84.8%) had a higher positive response rate than the non-public health students(66.2%). The public health students(80.2%) had a higher negative response rate than the non-public health students(78.5%) in the result of onset of gum disease pain awareness. The non-public health students(65.5%) had a higher negative response rate than the public health students(68.3%)) in the result of heredity of gum disease. The t-test showed that public health-related department students(M=8.264, SD=0.821) had more knowledge about oral hygiene than non-public health-related department students(M=8.015, SD=1.082). 'do not use' in the oral care products except toothpaste and toothbrush showed that public health-related department students(60.4%) use the products more than non-public health-related department students(66.2%). Conclusion: In this study, public health-related department students had higher oral hygiene knowledge and actual condition of oral care compared to non-public health-related students, but low in practical action. Due to the lower level of dental care products use in non-public health-related department, a continuous oral care education program is required.