• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2002

Objective : To evaluate the relationship between physical activity and the risk of hip fracture in the elderly Korean people. Methods : The study population was a Physical Activity Subcohort (n=8,908) extracted from the Korean Elderly Pharmacoepidemiological Cohort (KEPEC). Physical activity information was obtained from a mailed questionnaire surveys. The outcome data was collected from claims data gathered between Jan. 1993 and Dec. 1998. A hospital survey relating to potential cases was conducted to confirm the final diagnoses. The abstracted data was reviewed by a medical doctor before the final diagnoses were confirmed. A mailing questionnaire survey was performed to obtain information on potentially confounding variables, including alcohol intake, smoking habits, weight, height and postmenopausal duration. There were 79 confirmed cases hospitalized due to hip fractures between Jan. 1993 and Dec. 1998. Relative risk of physical activity scores on the hip fracture, and their 95% confidence intervals, were estimated by a Cox's proportional hazard model using SAS for Windows ver.6.12. Results : Compared to the reference group, the adjusted relative risk of hip fracture associated with the most physical active category: after controlling for age, weight and alcohol intake in the males, and for weight, alcohol intake and postmenopausal duration in the females, were 1.04 (95% CI=0.35-3.06) and 0.f4 (95% CI=0.26-0.77), respectively. Conclusions : Physical activity may protect elderly women from hip fracture.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.143-155
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• 2020

A juniper pocket rot fungus, Pyrofomes demidoffii is a basidiomycetous fungus responsible for damage of living Juniperus spp. However, its effect on the residual strength and on the extent of decay of juniper's trunk was not determined in any prior studies. The purpose of this study was to study the features of J. procera infected by P. demdoffii, and to estimate the level of strength loss and decay severity in the trunk at D.B.H height using different five formulas. Infected juniper stands were examined in two Ethiopian forests through Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) followed by a slight destructive drilling of the trunk at D.B.H height. The decayed juniper tree is characterized by partially degraded lignin material at incipient stage of decay to completely degraded lignin material at final stage of decay. In the evaluated formulas, results of ANOVA showed that a significantly higher mean percentage of strength loss and decay severity were recorded in the trees of larger D.B.H categories (p<0.001). The strength loss formulas produced the same to similar patterns of sum of ranks of strength loss or decay severity in the trunk, but the differences varied significantly among D.B.H categories in Kruskal Wallis-test (p<0.001). In conclusion, the employed formulas showed similar to different degree of variability in quantification of strength loss or decay severity in the trunk. The findings of our study could be used as the baseline for further study on juniper's strength loss or decays in the trunk of Juniperus spp. and unequivocally helps to design the corresponding management as result of P. demidoffii.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.23-32
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• 2010

LIDAR data are useful for forest applications such as bare-earth DEM generation for forest areas, and estimation of tree height and forest biomass. As a core preprocessing procedure for most forest applications, this study attempts to develop an efficient method to detect forest areas from LIDAR data. First, we suggest three perceptual cues based on multiple return characteristics, height deviation and spatial distribution, being expected as reliable perceptual cues for forest area detection from LIDAR data. We then classify the potential forest areas based on the individual cue and refine them with a bi-morphological process to eliminate falsely detected areas and smoothing the boundaries. The final refined forest areas have been compared with the reference data manually generated with an aerial image. All the methods based on three types of cues show the accuracy of more than 90%. Particularly, the method based on multiple returns is slightly better than other two cues in terms of the simplicity and accuracy. Also, it is shown that the combination of the individual results from each cue can enhance the classification accuracy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of pasture type on behavior pattern, change of body type and daily gain of Korean native goat at the College of Natural Science of Kon-KuK University in Chungju. The results are summarized as follows : Relative coverage of native herbage at the pasture area was 62% in initial grazing period and that final grazing period decreased by 36%. while pasture plants increased from 17 to 42%. In brush area, Quercus serrata. Quercus dentutu, Prunus surgenrii and Rhus vemicrflua of high palatability decreased with increase in grazing period. but Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhodendrorl schlippenbachii of low palatability tended to increase. Average crude protein content at the pasture area(12.3Q) during grazing period was higher than that at the brush area(10.2). However, ADF and NDF content was lower than brush area. Ca, Mg and Na of mineral content showed highly at the brush area during the grazing period. but Na showed highly at the pasture area. Eating time Korean native goat was not different between pasture area(369 min.) and brush area(361 min.), but ruminating time showed highly at the pasture area(441 min.). Average ratio of GTlRT at the pasture and brush area was not different m 0.88 and 0.87, respectively. All body type(withers height, body length, shin circum, hip height, hip width and chest girth) showed highly that pasture area compared to brush area during the grazing periods. The daily liveweight gain showed 60.6 and 48.98 at the pasture and brush area, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2013

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the results of three types of short segment screw fixation for thoracolumbar burst fracture accompanying osteopenia. Methods : The records of 70 patients who underwent short segment screw fixation for a thoracolumbar burst fracture accompanying osteopenia (-2.5< mean T score by bone mineral densitometry <-1.0) from January 2005 to January 2008 were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups based on whether or not bone fusion and bone cement augmentation procedure 1) Group I (n=26) : short segment fixation with posterolateral bone fusion; 2) Group II (n=23) : bone cement augmented short segment fixation with posterolateral bone fusion; 3) Group III (n=21) : bone cement augmented, short segment percutaneous screw fixation without bone fusion. Clinical outcomes were assessed using a visual analogue scale and modified MacNab's criteria. Radiological findings, including kyphotic angle and vertebral height, and procedure-related complications, such as screw loosening or pull-out, were analyzed. Results : No significant difference in radiographic or clinical outcomes was noted between patients managed using the three different techniques at last follow up. However, Group I showed more correction loss of kyphotic deformities and vertebral height loss at final follow-up, and Group I had higher screw loosening and implant failure rates than Group II or III. Conclusion : Bone cement augmented procedure can be an efficient and safe surgical techniques in terms of achieving better outcomes with minimal complications for thoracolumbar burst fracture accompanying osteopenia.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.1 s.33
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• pp.131-170
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• 1991

This study was designed to analyze morphological characteristics of Korean young adults, norms and standard deviation of variables, sexual differences, correlationship between each area of face and correlationship between hard tissue and soft tissue. The primary sample consisted of 45 males and 57 females who were early and middle twenties and had acceptable profile, no history of previous orthodontic treatment, absence of remarkably large overjet and overbite, full complement of permanent teeth, Class I skeletal and dental relationships and good vertical facial proportions. Their cephalograms were analyzed morphologically with a computer morphometrics. Then the final sample - 25 males and 38 females - were selected within 1 S.D. of E-line, ANB, P/A facial height ratio, Interincisal angle, L1 to A-Pog, ODI and APDI. The results of the study were as follows: 1 In the form and proportion of facial skeleton there were no significant differences between males and females, but in the size males were larger than females. 2. The dental protrusion patterns had no significant sexual difference and no significant correlationship between protrusion of upper lip and inclination of upper incisor. But mentolabial angle had positively correlated with interincisal angle and negatively with inclination of upper and lower incisor. 3. In the relationship between nose and soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in nasal length, height and angular measurements. 4. In analysis of soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in the length and thickness. In the angular measurements and proportion of soft-tissue profile, there were no significant differences between males and females.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.529-540
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematic characteristics of $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ hurdle clearances during the final of the 110-m hurdles at the IAAF World Championships, Daegu 2011. To this end, the hurdling motions of the top 4 ranked male hurdlers in the competition were analyzed. A total of 12 cameras were used to record their motions, with a sampling frequency of 120 Hz. The cameras were calibrated using $11{\times}2{\times}1\;m$ control objects that covered all of the lanes (1st~8th lanes). After analyzing all the data, we arrived at the following results. In the take-off phase, all athletes revealed similar take-off times (CT), and similar distances from the take-off to hurdleto (L1) and hurdle to landing (L2). In particular, Turner, ranked $3^{rd}$, had an inconsistent L2 and may need further training to correct it. In the flight phase, Richardson, ranked $1^{st}$, showed the longest flight distance, whereas Xiang, who was ranked $2^{nd}$, showed the highest CG height from the hurdle. For the step patterns, to increase the pitch frequency, Richardson and Xiang used shorter 3-step lengths than Turner and Oliver.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.406-411
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• 2007

In this study the replacement of wheat flour with 5 to 30% black rice flour was tested to examine its effect on sponge cake making properties. We evaluated the effects of the substitutions on various quality parameters of the cake, such as physicochemical and rheological properties, cake making quality, and texture characteristics. The water holding capacity value increased with increasing amounts of black rice flour, whereas the alkaline water retention capacity, Pelshenke value and sedimentation value decreased. The mixograph peak time and peak height, and the Rapid Visco Analyser peak, minimum, and final viscosity decreased with the addition of black rice flour. Increasing proportions of black rice flour resulted in reduced loaf volume. However, replacing 15% of the wheat flour with black rice flour did not significantly affect the characteristics of the sponge cake. The textural characteristics of the sponge cake crumb were influenced by the addition of black rice flour, and sponge cakes containing the additives showed increases in hardness, gummines, and chewiness.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 1994

Some mucoadhesive polymers such as hydroxypropylcelluose (HPC) and carbopol-934 (CP) have been employed for the preparation of mucoadhesive polymeric systems, and their physical properties including mucoadhesion, swelling, and drug release were evaluated. A new simple experimental technique that can quantitatively measure the bioadhesive properties of various polymeric systems has been developed by the methods of detachment force test. As the polymeric systems, the discs of freeze-dried HPC/CP solid dispersions were prepared. The mucosa used in these tests were upper, middle, and lower parts of small intestine of male rats weighing $300{\sim}350\;g$. Detachment forces were increased as the mole fraction of CP increased in discs of HPC/CP solid dispersions. In the points of intestinal site dependence of mucoadhesion, the solid dispersions revealed non-specific mucoadhesion to the intestine. Swelling and drug release characteristics of mucoadhesive polymeric systems were studied extensively to find out the feasibility for the oral controlled delivery systems. Swelling ratio, expressed as the final height/initial height, has been determined in various pH buffer solutions. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) was employed as a model drug for release study. Apparent swelling and drug release rate constants, $K_s$ and $K_r$ respectively, were obtained from the square-root time plot of either swelling ratio or released amount of drug, particularly for the time periods before reaching the equilibrium. As a result, the swelling ratio of HPC/CP solid dispersions was increased as the weight percentage of CP increased. Similarly, the release of HCT from the solid dispersions was dependent on pH changes and CP contents, resulted in the slower release of HCT with the increases of pH and CP contents.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.72-82
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• 2005

The objective of this paper is to describe the optimization of design parameters in a large-sized commercial bus heater system by using CFD(computational fluid dynamics) analysis and Taguchi method. In order to obtain the best combination of each control factor which results in a desired performance of heater system, the parameter design of the Taguchi method is adopted for the robust design considering the dynamic characteristic. The research activity may be divided into four phases. The first one is analyzing the problem, i.e., ascertaining the influential factors. In the second phase the levels were set in such a way that their variation would significantly influence the response. In the third phase the experimental runs were designed. In the final phase the planned runs were carried out numerically to evaluate the optimal combination of factors which is able to provide the best response. In this study, eight factors were considered for the analysis: one with two level and seven with three level combinations comprising the $L_{18}(2^1{\times}3^7)$ orthogonal array. The results of this study can be summarized as follows ; (i)The optimum condition of control factor is a set of <$A_2\;B_1\;C_3\;D_3\;E_1\;F_2\;G_3\;H_2$> where A is shape of the outer fin, B is pitch of the outer fin, C is height of the outer fin, D is the inner fin number, E is the inner fin height, F is length of the flame guide, G is diameter of the heating element and H is clearance between air guide and heating element. (ii)The heat capacity of heated discharge air under the optimum condition satisfies the equation y=0.6M w here M is a signal factor. (iii)The warm-up rate improves about three times, more largely as com pared with the current condition, which results in about 9.2minutes reduction.