• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.113-121
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• 2004

The present study is suggested to estimate the degree of secondary consolidation caused by various changes of stress such as loading, unloading and reloading in improving poor subsoil through pre-compression loading construction method and, for this purpose, examined the characteristics of the consolidation of Kunsan clay through incremental loading test (IL) using standard consolidation tester and constant loading rate test (CLR), which were adapted from the constant rate of strain test (CRS). In addition, after CRS test, this study determined the characteristics of secondary consolidation and relationships among void ratio, effective stress and time according to the ratio of effective over-consolidation on reloading at the point of time of random expansion. Kunsan clay had larger expansion and smaller secondary consolidation settlement when the ratio of effective over-consolidation was high. In addition, when loading was applied after the load was removed at once, the secondary consolidation coefficient $C'_{\alpha}$ was smaller than that when the load was removed gradually, and when the ratio of effective over-consolidation was over 1.4 a similar value was produced. Based on the entire settlement resulting from reloading, the secondary consolidation coefficient $C"_{\alpha}$ increased non-linearly with the lapse of time but the final value was similar to that in the case of rapid removal. The strain velocity of void ratio was in a regular linear relationship with the increase of loading time regardless of the ratio of effective over-consolidation in both tests and it grew smaller with the increase of the ratio of effective over-consolidation.tion.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2009

The ballast track, the most common type of conventional railroad track in Korea, is deteriorated by abrasion of ballast, it's penetration into roadbed, and rugged surface of roadbed caused by cyclic loading of train. Persistent occurrence of those phenomena lead to insufficient drain capacity, one of major factors in track design, and it increases pore water pressure and decreases of shear strength under rainfall condition leading to unstable roadbed. In this study, cylindrical model tests are executed for 3 types of geotextile applying cyclic loading in order to observe the characteristics of displacement and bearing capacity of geotextile, and undrained condition has been applied for 0 day, 3 days and 7 days to each geotextiles. The results showed that there was about 1% difference at the final displacement rates between reinforced soils and nature soils and the displacement of the ground surface increases along with the degrees of the saturation. And in case that water contents exceeds the threshold, it is also apparent that weight and tensile strength of geotextile influences displacement of the ground surface. And the larger weight of geotextile is, the smaller plastic displacement. It is evaluated that non-woven fabric comes into effect on reducing the bearing capacity but, the weight of geotextile has little influence on it.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.8 s.114
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• pp.711-719
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• 2006

A series of geotechnical centrifuge model tests and numerical modelling have been performed to study engineering characteristics of the composite ground reinforced by both the Sand Compaction Piles(SCPs) and the deformation-reducing sheet piles. The research has covered several key issues such as the load-settlement relation, the stress concentration ratio and the final water content of the ground Totally three centrifuge tests have been conducted by changing configuration of the sheet piles, i.e., a test without the sheet pile, a test with the sheet pile at a single side and a test with the sheet piles at the both sides. In the model tests, a vertical load was applied in-flight on the ground surface. On the other hand, class-C type numerical modelling has been performed by using the SAGE-CRISP to compare the centrifuge test results using an elasto-plastic model for SCPs and the Modified Cam Clay model for the soft clay. It has been found that the sheet piles can restraint failure of foundation, thereby increasing yield stress of the ground. The stress concentration ratio was in the range of $2{\sim}4$. In addition, numerical analysis results showed reductions both in the ground heave($20{\sim}30%$) and in the horizontal movement($28{\sim}43%$), demonstrating the deformation-reducing effect of the sheet piles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.961-967
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• 2019

This research presents an efficient method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for estimating the resistance performance of a ship with a large settlement amount and a dynamic trim. The settlement of the inviscid flow analysis and the results of dynamic trim were used to set a large attitude for the ship prior to performing a viscous flow analysis; a viscous flow analysis was subsequently performed by Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI). This method is termed as method I, in which a simple grating system can be used without employing the overset mesh technique by setting many attitudes before interpretation. Thus, method I is advantageous in reducing calculation time and improving calculation accuracy. The viscous flow analysis was performed using a commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+. Compared with the final convergence result, the first viscous flow analysis result of method I exhibited a variation of less than 1 % of resistance. The result was obtained by changing the gratings each time an attitude is changed at each calculation stage, based on the DFBI method provided to STAR-CCM+ using a simple grating system, which is not a superposed grating. This method is termed as method II. Compared with method II of resistance, method I exhibited a dif erence of 0.03-0.6 % for linear velocity. The results of method I were confirmed to be qualitatively and quantitatively appropriate through comparison with several trillion simulations.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.3-22
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• 2021

Civil and commercial disputes can be resolved through alternative dispute settlement systems other than court proceedings. Among them, the arbitration procedure is a system that is clearly distinguished from the mediation procedure in which the dispute is terminated by agreement between the parties. The arbitration proceedings shall have the same effect as the result of the final judgment by the decision of a third-party arbitrator, and its essence is a judgment. The Korean Arbitration Association Studies was founded in December 1990 to recognize the importance of arbitration procedures and conduct specialized research on them, with professional research on 'arbitration procedures' continuing until today. Thus, the Korean Arbitration Association Studies is positioned as the only specialized research organization in the field of arbitration. In the case of the Korean Arbitration Association Studies, which is the only society in Korea related to arbitration and alternative dispute resolution, the members are mainly scholars majoring in trade and commerce and ones majoring in law. This situation reflects the distinctive character of the arbitration system because it is a matter of dispute procedures related to trade and commerce and many scholars who research trade and commerce need to prepare for possible disputes. In addition, the arbitration procedure is a dispute settlement procedure that substitutes for litigation because it has research value as a legal system. In particular, the 'Journal of Arbitration Studies' published by the Korean Arbitration Association plays a role in mediation, as well as mediation and presentation of research papers in the ADR field. This study analyzes the trends of mediation and ADR-related papers published in 'Journal of Arbitration Studies', an academic journal of the Korean Arbitration Association Studies, in four dimensions, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the Korean Arbitration Association Studies. First, this study examined which sub-themes are mainly studied among the various viewpoints of mediation through thematic analysis. Second, it looked at what methodology was used to study intervention at the methodological level. Third, it assessed what countries and regions had been mainly studied at the regional level. Fourth, in terms of content, what kind of research had been mainly conducted and what kind of research was relatively insufficient was investigated, analyzing the research results of the last 30 years and presenting a milestone for the research direction of 'Journal of Arbitration Studies' in the future.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.169-189
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• 2024

In the current work, a series of three-dimensional finite element analyses have been carried out to understand the behaviour of pre-existing single piles and pile groups to adjacent Shield TBM tunnelling by considering various reinforcement conditions. The numerical modelling has analysed the effect of the pile cutting, ground reinforcement and pile cap reinforcement. The analyses concentrate on the ground settlements, the pile head settlements, the axial pile forces and the shear stress transfer mechanism at the pile-soil interface. In all cases of the pile tips supported by weathered rock, the distributions of shear stresses presented a similar trend. Also, when the pile tips were cut, tensile forces or compressive forces were induced on the piles depending on the relative positions of the piles. Furthermore, when the pile tips are supported by weathered rock, approximately 70% of the load is supported by surface friction, and only the remaining 30% is supported by the pile tip. Furthermore the final settlement of the piles without reinforcement showed approximately 70% more settlement than the piles for which ground reinforcement is considered. It has been found that the ground settlements and the pile settlements are heavily affected by the pile cutting and reinforcement conditions. The behaviour of the single pile and group piles, depending on the pile cutting, conditions of ground and pile cap reinforcement, has been extensively examined and analysed by considering the key features in great details.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.81-108
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• 2008

Since the declaration made by UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on EEZs, The open seas of Northeast Asia, considerd as a convention area, needed new agreements in conformity with the changes brought by the introduction of the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) system. The Contracting Parties of these agreements set up their own EEZs, which extend certain ranges from their baselines, Fishing in the other party's EEZ is done based on mutual agreements, which take into account traditional fishing activity in the zones. Seperate fishries management systems, in accordance with the relevant legal status of the waters, are applied to individual overlapping areas: Middle Zone in the Bast Sea and the waters south of jeju Island, Interim Measure Zone in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, and the Transitional Zone in the Yellow Sea. They decided to conclude fisheries agreements as the provisional agreement under Article 74(3) of the UN Convention before the delimitations of the EEZs to avoid the territorial disputes. China and Japan concluded the Fishries Agreement in the November 1997, allowing each coastal State 52 mile EEZ. it was followed by Korea and Japan in September 1998, reaching a final compromise. And also Korea and China came to a satisfactary settlement in November 1998. Fisheries agreements have been established between the three North-east Asian States, the agreement are all bilateral. That implies inefficient resource management on the overlapping waters of the three states, especially on the East China Sea. The Korea-Japan Fisheries Agreement and the China-Japan Fishery Agreement worked as governing rules in the North-east Asian seas before the establishment of EEZs (Exclusive Economic Zones). However the conclusion of the bilateral fishery agreements, Korea China and Japan have developed EEZs, and these three countries have competed for the exploitation of fisheries resources. Therefore, the issue of fisheries resource management was no longer a single countries' problem and emerged as a common issue facing these three countries. In recognition of the above-mentioned problem, it is needed for the construction of cooperative System fishery management in the North-east Asian seas. Therefore, cooperative measures should be establishied. The final goal of the construction of fisheries management cooperative system is to establish sustainable fisheries in the North-east Asian seas. However, there is a big difference in fisheries management tools, fishing gear, exploitation rate of species, etc. This implies that a careful approach should be taken in order to achieve the cooperative fisheries management among Korea, China and Japan. conclusionly, the Governments of Korea, China and Japan should complement three bilateral agreemens, and which they prepares to 'Fisheries Resource Restore Program' Between Korea, China and Japan in the adjacent waters south of Jeju Island.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.13-24
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• 2012

In this study, the in-situ model test has been conducted and used to estimate and analyze consolidation behavior of the ground by using the miniature test that reconstructs economically geotechnical behavior of in-situ full scale structure. To analogize the relation among effective stress, void ratio and coefficient of permeability at the self-weight consolidation stage, the low stress seepage consolidation test has been conducted and the involution function of constitutive equation had been obtained from the result of the curve fitted seepage consolidation test result. As a result of the numerical analysis that had been conducted on the representative section using a constitute equation, final settlement was similar with those of self-weight consolidation of the centrifugal model test. But, it was more or less smaller. It seems that these trends are caused by the difference between estimated values.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-75
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• 2007

Ever since franchising emerged in the industry of distribution, it has been growing explosively in the U.S.A. and all other countries as well. It is a method of expanding a business by licensing independent businessman to sell the franchiser's products and/or services or to follow a format and trade style created by the franchiser using the franchiser's trade marks and trade names. Franchising is a form of business that touches upon many different areas of law including, but not limited to, general contract law, general principles of commercial law, law of intellectual property, competition law, fair trade practices law and other industry specific laws e.g., the Fair Practices in Franchising Act in Korea. Arbitration is a long established, legally recognized procedure for submitting disputes to an outside person(s), mutually selected by the parties, for a final and binding decision. Despite its merits as an alternative dispute resolution, it has been criticized, on the other hand, particularly by franchisees' attorneys on the ground that even though it is required to protect the franchisees against the enforcement of pre-dispute arbitration agreements because of the franchisees' paucity of bargaining power vis-a-vis the franchiser, arbitration cannot afford it. Until recently, however, little has been written about the legal issues pertaining to franchise agreement and arbitration clause contained therein in Korea. This treatise reviews the cases and arguments in relation to the subject especially of the U.S.A., which have been accumulated for decades. The issues addressed herein are the pre-emption by the FAA, the disputes to be arbitrated, the selection and qualification of arbitrators, the place of arbitration hearings and the evidentiary rules applicable, the expenses of arbitration, theory of fiduciary duty and the like, all of which are relevant to franchise agreement.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.85-109
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• 2014

Mediation and Arbitration are two distinct ADR processes. Their dissimilarity lies in the principle that in mediation the parties themselves decide what the resolution to the problem is, whereas in arbitration the arbitrator makes that determination. Med-Arb, hybrid of the two methods, is a fairly new ADR process dating back to the 1970s. Med-Arb capitalizes on the advantages of both mediation and arbitration, while eliminating many of their disadvantages. Mediation has the advantage of allowing for resolutions rather than decisions. Arbitration has the advantage of guaranteeing that the matter will be resolved when the procedure is over. In Med-Arb, the participants agree to be parties to mediation, and if the mediation comes to an impasse, a final settlement will be reached through arbitration. This study first explicates the origin and the development of Med-Arb in the United States. This study shows that the emergence of Med-Arb is benefited from the fact that arbitration has lost its own advantages ie, speed, cost-saving, and maintenance of an ongoing relationship between the disputants. Second, this study analyzes four cases in which Med-Arb is applied to various kinds of disputes as a tool of dispute resolution: labor disputes, entertainment disputes, will disputes, and international commercial disputes, consecutively. All those case studies show the generality of Med-Arb as a dispute resolution channel. Third, this study compares the advantages and disadvantages of Med-Arb. Finally, this study discusses the implications of Med-Arb. In particular it provides the universality of this hybrid form of dispute resolution in the East and West. For example, we show that China has its own distinctive Med-Arb system, where it has developed from ancient Confucian philosophy. Japan also emphasizes the role of an arbitrator who settles the disputes in the course of arbitration. The domestic arbitration rules of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) have a similar process in that arbitration contains an element of conciliation. With regard to the universal characteristics of Med-Arb, it is necessary to analyze the pros and cons of Med-Arb at a deeper level in the future. One caveat is that it is necessary to handle the issues of the neutrality of the mediator-arbitrator.