• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.349-360
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to derive a substantive theory on lived experiences of elderly cancer patients. Methods: The data were collected from February to March 2018 through in-depth personal interviews with 14 elderly cancer patients. The collected data were analyzed based on Corbin and Strauss's grounded theory. Results: The core category was "the journey to find balance in daily lives as a cancer patient by recovering disturbed ego integrity." The core phenomenon was "shattered by suffering from cancer," and the causal conditions were "physical change" and "limitations in daily life." The contextual conditions were "decreased self-esteem," "feelings of guilt toward the family," and the sense of "economic burden." The participants' action and interaction strategies were "maintaining or avoiding social relations," "seeking meaning of the illness," "falling into despair," and "strengthening the willingness to battle the cancer." The intervening conditions were "support from health care providers and family," "dissatisfaction with health care providers," "spiritual help from religion," and "the improvement or worsening of health conditions." The consequences were "having a new insight for life," "living positively along with cancer illness," and "the loss of willingness to live." A summary of the series of processes includes the "crisis stage," "reorganizing stage," and the "ego integration stage." Conclusion: This study explored the holistic process of ego integrity impairment and the recovery experience of elderly cancer patients. This study is expected to be used as a basis for the development of nursing interventions that can support patients when coping with all stages of their cancer illness trajectory.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.514-523
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the subjective quality of life among college students from China. Methods: The research design was a descriptive survey design using convenience sampling. Data was collected by using a self-questionnaire completed by 304 Chinese students located in three cities, namely, Seoul, Gangneung, and Seosan. ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and hierarchical multiple regression with the SPSS Win 12.0 Program were used to analyze the data. Results: The average score on subjective quality of life was $3.59{\pm}0.43$. There were significant differences in the subjective quality of life according to length of stay, type of program, and health status. The subjective quality of life had significant negative correlation with acculturative stress and positive correlation with social support. The explained variance for the subjective quality of life was 51.5%. Variables on health status, guilt feelings, other acculturative stress, and social support significantly predicted the degree on subjective quality of life. Conclusion: Findings on this study provide a comprehensive understanding on the subjective quality of life and related factors for Chinese students in Korea. However, further studies with a larger random sample and more detailed research design is necessary.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-33
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• 2000

Social support may play an important role in relieving the feelings of guilt and shame of unwed mothers due to social insults and ignorance and in helping them from physical and psychological harm caused by them. In addition hope may encourage to seek out a new way of life. To determine if a relationship between perceived social support and hope exists in unwed mothers a descriptive study was conducted in the facilities providing basic data for promoting the health of unwed mothers. A demographic data sheet and two instruments were used : Indirectly Perceived Social Support Scale(IPSSS) developed by Park Jee Won (revised by Jo Moo Yong), Miller Hope Scale(adapted and revised by Lee Mi Ja), 95 unmarried mothers participated. The mean score of perceived social support was 3.17. Family support was the highest(3.47) and unwed father support was the lowest(2.53) in sub-scales. Material support(3.53) was the highest in family support. Emotional support(3.58) was the highest in friends support. Informational support(3.39) was the highest in facilities-concerned personal support. The mean score of hope was 3.41 : the satisfaction with self, others and life was the highest(3.82) and anticipation of future was the lowest(3.27) in sub-scale. There was not a statistically significant relationship between social support and hope. A statistically significant relationship was found between facilities-concerned personal support and hope. In conclusion, facilities-concerned positive encouragement for unwed mothers and a program promoting support and hope from families, friends and unwed father are necessary to promote hope and health in unwed mothers.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.51-69
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• 1992

Grief that is not acknowledged and worked through may manifest itself in some emotional, mental or physical problem. In recent years much has been learned about coping with grief which the hospice program can utilize to help family members cope with their grief. This study was carried out to determine the helpfulness of the bereavement care of Severance Hospice and to learm more about the grief response of the bereaved. The tools used to collect data were an assessment form used in the bereavement program and the Grief Experience Inventory developed by Sanders and revised and translated 'by the researcher. Data was obtained from bereaved family members(54 for the final grief assessment and 39 for the grief response assessment) receiving bereavement follow-up, from July 1989 to March 1991. Results of the study were as follows: 1. Final Grief Assessment Regarding the resolution of their grief the majority of the bereaved accepted the reality of the death of their family member, while slightly more than three-quarters were able to express their feelings toward their loss. A large majority had returned to activities of daily living well or fairly well and had reinvested their energy in a person other than the deceased. In addition, the physical condition of the majority was good or fairly good. A majority of the bereaved considered the bereavement care to be helpful and almost three-quarters were not considered to be in need of more follow-up. 2. Grief Response Assessment Age was found to have a modoerately positive correlation to appetite disturbance(r=.41, P<.Ol) and loss of vigor(r=.37, P<.Ol) A moderately positive correlation was found between the number of contacts and sleep disturbance(r=2.38, P<.01) Significant differences were found between men and women in regard to guilt(t=2.38, P<.05), social isolation(t=2.44, P<.05) and depersonalization(t=2.07, P<.05) with men having the more intense grief. Significant differences were found in the grief responses of somatization(F=5.82, P<.001), physical symptoms(F=5.87, P<.OOl), appetite disturbance(F=4.40, P<.Ol), despair(3.79, P<,Ol), anger(Fp2.83, P<.05), social isolation(F=3.61, P<.05), guilt(F=3.62, P<.05) and depersonalization (F = 2.58, P <.05). In the first six of these grief responses mothers scored highest, followed by husbands and then wives, In the grief response of guilt, daughters scored highest and on the grief response of depersonalization sons scored highest. Only one grief response, that of sleep disturbance(t= -2.19, P<.05) was found to be statistically significant, with those family members who died at home having the higher scores. Based on the results of this study several suggestions are presented as follows: 1. Since unresolived grief can have a detrimental effect on the bereaved person's mental and phys. ical health it would be good for the nurse, to include questions related to death of family members and the bereaved person's response to the grief, in her nursing assessment. And in the case of unresolved grief the nurse should encourage the person to talk with a trusted friend or counselor and express their fellings of grief. 2. A study to determine the degree of resolution of the grief of those in the bereavement program could be carried out by use of the Grief Experience Inventory early in their bereavement and again 13 months after the death of their family member. 3. A comparison of the grief response of the bereaved in the bereavement program and bereaved not in the program could be carried out using the Grief Experience Inventory. 4. After bereavement programs have been started in other hospice programs it would be good to carry out a joint study of bereavement outcomes of those in the bereavement programs.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.38
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• pp.65-101
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• 2018

In the late Joseon Dynasty, patriarchal ideology became central to the family and the clan, and once again became acutely felt with "the familism of clan rules that centered around a legitimate and eldest son." The establishment of the family-clan system, though somewhat complex, was largely aimed at the family line of "a paternalist-a legitimate and eldest son." The trend was not limited to a particular family, but rather, was a historical and social trend. Changseonggameirok showed how to solve the family crisis by setting up a problem for the next generation's patriarch. This paper tries to explain the issue of Hwachun's complex as the legitimate and eldest son complex. First, it suggests that Hwachun's complex is as universal as the Cain complex, also known as the eldest son complex, and that Hwachun's complex is a special instance of the legitimate and eldest son complex in Changseonggameirok. Next this paper studies the aspects of Hwachun's legitimate and eldest son complex combined with Mrs. Sim's complex, as well as her daughter-in-law's complex, and eventually tracks the development of the family-clan complex. As a result, we've come to a new conclusion that the legitimate and eldest son complex was found in Changseonggameirok for the first time in Korean literary history. This paper also examines the fact that when the legitimate and eldest son complex was transferred to Hwajin, it became a family complex that Hwajin had to contend with; this paper tracks the process wherein Hwajin's filial piety solved the legitimate and eldest son complex. As a result, we realized that Hwajin's filial duty and brotherly love went beyond his feelings for Mrs. Sim and Hwachun, and supported the substantiation for "the familism of a clan that is based on rules of the legitimate and eldest son" in the course of public opinion. However the familism of these rules was not embodied in the absolute; in the royal family, for example, it was rather flexibly implemented when the characters admitted to breaking the law. In addition, this paper provides the room for a critical reading of Changseonggameirok, reflecting back on the underlying guilt and psychological pain of the characters who are affected by the particular rules, and concluding that guilt and suffering are fundamentally insoluble. This is because the two ideas, "the legitimate and eldest son complex" and "the familism of a clan rules centered on a legitimate and eldest son" are two sides of the same coin.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 1999

The clinical assessment for preschool children who are known to have problems in selfreporting tends to be dependent on outsiders' reporting. Thus, the direct assessment of children's inner experience, thoughts and feelings is difficult. MacArthur Story-Stem Battery(MSSB) developed to learn more about preschool children's mental representation in play is used in this study to help assess clinical preschool children through developmental study of normal children's mental representation. Fifty five children(32boys and 23girls) who performed MSSB, IQ Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised(PPVT) were videotaped and were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows：1) Children frequently displayed negative mental representation such as atypical negative response, reparation/guilt, punishment, personal injury and so on during emotionally laden play situation. 2) Mental representation of parent appeared positive, disciplinary, and negative in respective. 3) As a result of factor analysis of MSSB content themes, aggressive, prosocial, and oppositional content theme composites were generated. Aggressive content included atypical negative response, aggression, personal injury, and exclusion. Prosocial content included affection, affiliation, and reparation/guilt. Oppositional content included punishment and non-compliance. 4) Mental representation of parent and content themes showed significant correlation. Positive, negative, and disciplinary representation were significantly correlated for prosocial(r=0.40), aggressive (r=0.52), and oppositional(r=0.75) content theme respectively. 5) Among the correlations between parental mental representations and emotional responses, positive parental representation and anxiety showed significant negative correlation(r=-0.43). 6) Among the correlations between content themes and emotional responses, there were significant positive correlations between aggressive(r=0.28) and oppositional content themes(r=0.29) and distress, and were significant negative correlations between prosocial content theme and concern(r=-0.29) and anxiety(r=-0.43). According to the above results, preschool children frequently displayed negative mental representation in emotionally conflictual play situation. Children with more prosocial themes in their stories exhibit more positive parental mental representation. Also, children with more aggressive themes tend to display more negative parental representation and negative emotional responses.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.421-433
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• 2001

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experience of mothers of children with muscular dystrophy. The participants were 11 mothers recruited by snowball sampling, who agreed with the objectives of the research and could verbally communicate with the researcher and who lived with their sons who had muscular dystrophy. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews with participants in their own homes. Each interview took 50 to 120 minutes. All of the interviews were audiotaped and then transcribed. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's (1978) method of phenomenology. From the transcripts 109 significant sentences and phrases were selected and 13 clusters of themes were categorized from 67 significant statements. These results were integrated into the essential structure of the lived experience of mothers of children with muscular dystrophy. 1. Anxious and relying on chance due to indefinite diagnosis. 2. Only able to cry with shock because of son's fatal disease. 3. Seeing the future as dismal and feeling resentment that this disease in transmitted through the mother. 4. Feeling caught between a husband who is distancing himself from his family and the family which is disintegrating. 5. Feeling like a sinner for transmission of genetic disease(Feeling guilt for conceiving a son with a genetically transmitted fatal disease). 6. Empathizing with other suffers of muscular dystropy and their parents in their grief and helping to dissipate their heavy feelings. 7. Deciding to sacrifice self as a way of taking responsibility for giving birth to a handi-capped son. 8. Losing hope (feeling despair) as son's condition deteriorates in spite of all attempts to help him. 9. Wishing to die with son who becomes progressively immobile. 10. Accumulating Han*(한, 恨), because of rising Hwa(화, anger), and becoming sick both mentally and physically. 11. Seeing events as destiny and finding self-control through faith. 12. Finally, giving up sacrificing self for son and becoming concerned(involved) with other children in the family. 13. Feeling fear at son's impending death. This is the first research on the experience of Korean mothers of children with muscular dystrophy. In applying the phenomenology research method, this study not only helps health professionals understand the experience of these mothers in the Korean patriarchal social system, but the researcher, as a nurse, can share their agony and grief through identification of their inner world through in-depth personal interviews. The results obtained in this study will not only help in the development of family nursing practice for families with genetically transmitted diseases but also prepare basic data for family nursing practice in the Korean sociocultural context.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1998

Various difficulties and inconveniences arise from having a mentally handicapped child in a family and these place many demands on mothers. There are few studies in Korea on these demands nor on what mothers go through with their mentally handicapped daughters' menarche and puberty. The purpose of the study was to examine the experiences of mothers of mentally handicapped daughters, as it relates to their daughters' menarche and the beginning of puberty. With indepth interviews, both in person and by telephone and participant observation the study used a qualitative research methodology to attempt to understand the experiences of these mothers. The data were gathered from October 1995 to April 1996. The subjects for the research included nine mothers of mentally handicapped daughters whose ages ranged from 12 to 18 and who attended one of three special schools located in either Inchon or Seoul. The data were recorded and analyzed : meaningful statements were grouped according to subjects raised by the mothers. Content Analysis was also applied to identify similar content and confirm common experiences. and to highlight concepts and categorized them. The results of this study are as follows. Five categories were identified : mothers' emotional responses to their mentally handicapped daughters' menarche and menstration were of severe despair accompanied by anxiety, guilt, fear, anguish, shame and pity because the mothers were afraid their daughters would not be able to use appropriate hygienic measures during menstration and the mothers felt heavily burdened in having to look them. The mothers also had negative feelings about their daughters' physical development. The experience of mothers related to their daughters' possibilities for marriage and pregnancy were of powerlessness, distress, withdrawal, fear. pity and desperation and they were afraid that their daughters might be violated sexually. The mothers rejected the possibility of marriage and pregnancy for their daughters and instead planned very restricting futures for them. The mothers used various coping methods to bring meaning to their lives. Because the negative emotional responses of the mothers. nurses need to work to empower mothers to overcome these negative responses. Sex education can also play an important role especially for the daughters especially through the use of visual aids. Further, nurses should understand the tearing difficulties of mentally handicapped daughters, what mothers need and also what they experience with their mentally handicapped daughters. In conclusion, nurses should understand the negative experiences of the mothers in relation to their mentally handicapped daughters' menarche, help the mothers cope with the negative. emotions through real life education and counselling. In addition, there is a need for nursing interventions and an administrative system which will minimize the prejudices of society towards handicapped people.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1365-1378
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• 1999

This study is a methodological research study to develop an instrument to measure in patients with cancer and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows : 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature and in-depth interviews with patients with cancer. This conceptual framework was organized in to three dimensions (the intrapersonal dimension, the significant-other and context related dimension, the transcendental dimension). Initially 59 items were adopted. 2) These items were analyzed through the index of content validity(CVI) and 53 items were selected which met more than 80% on the CVI. 3) The pretest was carried out with 87 patients with cancer. After the pretest results were analyzed by item analysis, 44 items were selected. A second test of content validity was conducted and 6 items were eliminated considering the 80% CVI. 4) To test for reliability and validity, data collection was done during the period from January 25, 1999, to February 26, 1999. The subjects for the test were 160 patients with cancer and 185 healthy persons. analysis, item analysis and multitrait-multimethod method to analyze validity. The findings are as follows : 1) The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .92 for the total 38 items and .79, .82, .85, for the three dimensions in that order. 2) The item analysis was based on the corrected item to total correlation coefficient( .30 or more) and information about the alpha estimate if this item was dropped from the scale. 3) As a result of the initial factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation, one item was deleted because of factor complexity (indiscriminate factor loadings). In the secondary factor analysis, 7 factors with eigenvalue of more than 1.0 were extracted and these factors explained 56 percents of the total variance. The seven factors were labeled as 'family relationship', 'emotional condition', 'physical discomfort', 'meaning and goal of life', 'contextual stimuli', 'change of body image', 'guilt feelings'. 4) The convergence effect between this instrument and the life satisfaction scale was identified and there was significant positive correlation(r= .52, p= .00). The discriminant validity between this instrument and the depression scale(CES-D) was tested and there was significant negative correlation(r= -.50, p= .00). The instrument for accessing the suffering of patients with cancer developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for assessment in caring for patients with cancer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.483-496
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to describe how Korean nurses overcome the language barrier while working in the U.S. hospital settings. Twelve Korean nurses living in New York metropolitan area were asked open-ended, descriptive questions to collect the data. The interviews were done in Korean. All interviews were audiotaped under the permission of the participants and were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using grounded theory analysis. The research process consisted of two phases. In the first phase 8 Korean nurses were interviewed and analyzed. In the second phase, further data were collected to verify categories and working hypotheses that were emerged from the first phase. The results of this study show that all Korean nurses experienced severe psychological stress such as confusion, anxiety, frustration, loss of self-confidence, embarrassment, guilt, depression, anger, and fear. Among the mode of communication such as listening, speaking, leading, and writing, they had the most difficulty in speaking. Speaking ability was especially important for them because of the emphasis of individualism and self-defense in the U.S. Among the verbal communication modes, non-face-to-face communications such as phone conversation and body language were the most difficu1t for them to overcome. It took at least 2 years for the participants to initially overcome the language barrier in U.S. hospitals. After 2-5 years they began to feel comfortable even in non-face-to-face communication. They could actively search for the better place to work after 5 years. They finally felt comfortable in English and in their job almost after 10 years. The factors that influenced the English improvement were ‘the years of clinical experience in Korea’, ‘the decade they came to the U.S.’ ‘coming to U.S. alone or with other Korean nurses’, ‘racial homogeneity or heterogeneity of the working unit’, and ‘the degree of social support’. The strategies Korean nurses used to overcome the language barrier included depending on the written communication, using ‘nunchi’, working and studying hard, and establishing good interpersonal relationships with co-workers. They also employed assertive behavior of the U.S., such as using more explicit verbal language and employing smiles and eye contact with others during the conversation. The results of the study may help Korean nurses and nursing students who try to work in U.S. hospital settings by understanding problems other Korean nurses faced, factors that influenced their English improvement, and strategies they used. They may also help U.S. nurses and administrators in developing and implementing efficient programs for newly employed Korean nurses by understanding major problems and feelings the Korean nurses experienced and strategies they used to overcome the language barriers.