• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1483-1496
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• 2001

Small ruminants form an important economic and ecological niche in small farm systems and agriculture. Their current low level of contribution is dismal, and is not commensurate with the potential capacity for higher levels of production. The context for productivity enhancement and increased socio-economic contribution relates to large sizes of small ruminant populations; wide distribution across various agro-ecological zones and production systems; and diversity of breeds, where 66% of all goat and 57% of sheep breeds in Asia are found in China, India and Pakistan. The advantages and disadvantages of small ruminants over larger ruminants are enumerated with reference to adaptation and environment, small size, production systems and products and interactions with the environment. Discussion focuses especially on efficiency of meat production and niche markets for higher-priced goat meat, and inefficient marketing systems given an estimated 40-45% loss of income to farmers presently. Increasing the quantity of meat produced is related to live weight and the total number of animals at Slaughter, which in turn, depend on the total number of offsprings weaned and lifetime productivity. At the national level, priority attention is essential to build up numbers in concerted breeding programmes, selection for efficiency of reproduction and meat production, and improvements to make traditional markets and marketing systems to respond to the changing environmental and consumer preferences. Post-production systems are neglected and improvements are associated with collection, handling, marketing, slaughter facilities and consumer requirements. Potential opportunities to expand and benefit from integrating small ruminants into annual and perennial cropping systems remain largely unexplored. Important development imperatives include choice of species and better use of available breeds, appropriate production systems that match available feed resources, and linkages between production, products and by-products to markets. Affirmative action is necessary, backed by official policy support, institutional commitment and increased resource use, that can target poverty and directly benefit the poor, and shift subsistence production to a more market-oriented opportunity. These efforts together constitute the challenges for both the owners and producers of small ruminants in the immediate future, as also the will to accelerate increased productivity, improve their livelihoods and promote rural growth.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.467-473
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• 2016

Several of our recent studies have focused on mass production of the marine Cladoceran Diaphanosoma celebensis, which can serve as a feed substitute for Artemia nauplii in the culture of larval marine fish. We compared the growth and survival rates of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes fed D. celebensis with those fed Artemia. The group fed D. celebensis showed an increase in growth from 0.10 g to 1.78 g, while the group fed enriched Artemia had a growth from 0.10 g to 0.92 g. The survival rate of fish fed D. celebensis was 86.7% while that of fish fed enriched Artemia was 51.1%, indicating that the former group was superior to the latter both in growth and survival rate. Fatty acid analysis revealed that D. celebensis fed Nannochloropsis oculata and Schizochytrium sp. had an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of 16.42% and a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of 3.93%. Meanwhile, juvenile tiger puffer fed D. celebensis had an EPA content of 9.12% and a DHA content of 10.69%. Juvenile tiger puffer fed D. celebensis had a similar n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content to that of tiger puffer fed enriched Artemia which had an EPA content of 5.82% and a DHA content of 15.90%, indicating that no additional enrichment was required.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1711-1717
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was studied the effects of various levels of crude glycerin (CG) in dairy goat diet on daily intake, milk yield, milk composition, some physical properties and some quality changes of goat milk after sterilization. Methods: Twelve 75% Saanen dairy goats (body weight = $49{\pm}3kg$; days in milk = $60{\pm}12d$) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of three experimental diets consisting of 0%, 5%, and 10% CG (dry matter basis) which were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of goats. Experimental dairy goats were evaluated for feed and milk yield. Milk samples were analyzed for their composition, including fatty acids, casein profile, fat globule size, and color, and were sterilized to evaluate milk heat stability. Results: There were no significant differences between 0% and 5% CG treatments infeed. Increasing CG supplementation from 0% to 5% increased milk yield from $2.38{\pm}0.12$ to $2.64{\pm}0.23kg/goat/d$. In addition, milk samples from 5% CG treatment had the highest total solids, fat content and lactose content, and largest fat globule size. Increasing CG to 10% resulted in a decrease in milk fat. After sterilizing at $116^{\circ}C$, $F_0=3min$, goat milk samples from 5% CG treatment had slightly higher sediment content and comparatively higher degree of browning. Conclusion: Considering milk yield, milk fat content and quality of sterilized milk, 5% CG supplementation in a total mixed ration has a potential for implementation in dairy goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn grain particle size on ruminant fermentation and blood metabolites in Holstein steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) as a basal diet to explain fundamental data of corn grain for cattle in Korea. Methods: Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (body weight $592{\pm}29.9kg$) fed TMR as a basal diet were housed individually in an auto temperature and humidity modulated chamber ($24^{\circ}C$ and 60% for 22 h/d). Treatments in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design were TMR only (control), TMR with whole corn grain (WC), coarsely ground corn grain (CC), and finely ground corn grain (FC), respectively. The corn feeds substituted for 20% energy intake of TMR intake. To measure the ruminal pH, ammonia N, and volatile fatty acids (VFA), ruminal digesta was sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h intervals after the morning feeding to determine ruminal fermentation characteristics. Blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the ruminal digesta sampling. Results: There was no difference in dry matter (DM) intake between different corn particle size because the DM intake was restricted to 1.66% of body weight. Different corn particle size did not change mean ammonia N and total VFA concentrations whereas lower (p<0.05) ruminal pH and a ratio of acetate to propionate, and higher (p<0.05) propionate concentration were noted when the steers consumed CC compared with WC and FC. Concentration of blood metabolites were not affected by different particle size of corn grain except for blood triglyceride concentration, which was significantly (p<0.05) increased by FC. Conclusion: Results indicate that feeding CC may increase feed digestion in the rumen, whereas the FC group seemed to obtain inadequate corn retention time for microbial degradation in the rumen.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.spc1
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• pp.165-179
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• 2006

Food habits of the gavelin goby Acanthogobius hasta and the fine spot goby Chaeturichtys stigmatias populations were investigated in the Jangbong tidal flat near Incheon, Korea. Samples were taken monthly from November 1999 to January 2001. The gut contents of 248 gavelin gobies and 139 fine spot gobies were analyzed. The diet of the gavelin goby was dominated by the gammaridean amphipod Chitinomandibulum emargicoxa, the crabs Macrophthalmus japonicus and Ilyoplax pingi, the shrimp Exopalaemon carinicauda, the bivalve Raetellops pulchella and the macro-algae Porphyra tenera. On the other hand, the fine spot goby mainly feed on the shrimps Crangon affinis, Latreutes mucronatus, E. carinicauda and Alpheus japonicus, the gammaridean amphipods C. emargicoxa and Synchelidium miraculum, and the bivalve R. pulchella. A comparison between frequencies of occurrence and abundance of food items in the gut showed that crustaceans (gammaridean amphipods, crabs and shrimps) and bivalves were important foods for the two gobies. However, the main components of the gut contents were different between two species, though this was probably due to differences in spatial distribution patterns of gobies and their prey items. In conclusion, both the gavelin goby and the fine spot goby, despite being the related species and co-inhabiting the similar part of the tidal flat, had quite distinct food habits and low dietary overlap (Schoener's index: 0.4). These indicated that the two gobies are or were partitioning resources in space and time for maximum uitilization of available food.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 2011

Juvenile red seabream (mean body weight 29.0 g) were reared in recirculating culture systems with three different biofilter media, sand (SF), polystyrene microbeads (PF), and Kaldnes beads (KF). The efficiencies of the three different biofilter media were also tested. The SF was fluidized, and the PF and KF were trickled. All treatments were duplicated. The volumetric removal rates of total ammonia nitrogen by SF, PF, and KF were 193.8, 183.9, and 142.6 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$, respectively, and those of nitrite nitrogen ($NO_2$-N) were 113.4, 105.9, and 85.8 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$, respectively. The TAN and $NO_2$-N removal rates of KF were lower than those of SF and PF (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in these rates between SF and PF (P > 0.05). Among the biofilters used, only KF showed total suspended solid (TSS) removal capacity. The TSS removal efficiencies of SF and PF were negative. The growth rates of fish in SF were significantly higher than those in KF but not higher than those in PF. There was no difference in growth rate between fish in PF and KF. The specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of red seabreams in KF were lower than those in SF and PF, but there were no significant differences between SF and PF. These results indicate that sand and polystyrene microbeads are recommended for red seabream culture in a recirculating system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2004

Livestock industry requires alternatives of antibiotics to prevent environmental pollution and to maintain public health. We herein report on an effective method to reduce ammonia from livestock manure, and confirmed environmentally-friendly livestock production by adding three types of yeast probiotics, Pichia farinosa SKM-1, Pichia anomala SKM-T, and Galactomyces geotrichum SJM-59, into the feed stuff, separately and/or mixed, and these three types of yeasts were administered to the Hy-line brown layers for 8 weeks. Compared with control, the laying performance, the egg quality, and the number of intestinal lactic acid producing bacteria of the treated group were improved and/or increased significantly. Pichia anomala SKM-T potently reduced ammonia production from poultry manure, and the other strains were also able to reduce the ammonia from it. The optimum condition for the reduction of ammonia with Pichia farinosa SKM-1, Pichia anomala SKM-T, and Galactomyces geotrichum SJM-59 was obtained by using the augmented centroid-simplex design. The ratio of optimum condition was Pichia farinosa SKM-1:Pichia anomala SKM-T:Galactomyces geotrichum SJM-59=0.295:0.209:0.080, and the estimate was -123.36 (p=0.0l38). An ability to reduce the ammonia production from livestock manure was maintained at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 weeks.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1986

Diet and feeding patterns of 10 species of gonostomatid fish in the Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight, northeastern Atlantic, were investigated as a part of studies analyzing the meso-and upper bathypelagic micronektonic fish communities in these two areas. Copepods were the major food organisms, composing more than 72% in both areas, and ostracods the second most abundant prey organisms (〉13%). The results of stomach content analyses reveals that most of gonostomatids, including two important species, Cyclothone braueri and C. microdon, feed continuously regardless of light cycle and a little at a time. The gonostomatids appear to be planktivores that consume small-sized prey; relative size of most preys was about one-tenth of fish length. These feeding patterns could be an adaptive characteristic of fish living in great deep water where the food items are scarcely present. In general there are no considerable inter-and intraspecific differences, not to mention regional differences, in the feeding of the gonostomatids at both stations except the large specimen of Gonostoma elongatum fed fish. Thus several coexisting species of the gonostomatid fish utilize the same resources, showing competitive relationships.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 2019

Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, a member of the flavonol group, has been reported to be effective for inflammatory and ulcer, as well as to alleviate diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside has been extracted from several plants. Biotransformation is a valuable tool, which is used to produce value-added chemicals with inexpensive compounds. To synthesis isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside from quercetin, two genes (PGT E82L and ROMT-9) were introduced into Escherichia coli, respectively. In order to synthesis isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside from quercetin, a co-culture fermentation system was developed by optimizing the medium and temperature for biotransformation, the cell mix ratio, Isopropyl-β-ᴅ-thiogalactoside induction time, and quercetin feed concentration. Finally, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside was biosynthesized up to 181.2 mg/L under the optimized biotransformation condition, which was higher 4.7 times than previously reported (39.6 mg/L).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2020

This research was performed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary mono-component protease (PRO) might improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of eighty-four pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 25.3 ± 2.16 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (7 replicates/treatment; 2 barrows and 2 gilts/replicate) in a randomized complete block design (block = sex). The dietary treatments were prepared as follows; (1) a positive control (PC) as a typical growing-finishing diet based on corn and soybean meal, (2) PC added with 0.015% of PRO (PCPRO), and (3) a negative control (NC) added with 0.015% of PRO (NCPRO). The NC had a lower concentration of crude protein (CP) compared with PC. The PRO was a commercial product that contained 75,000 protease units/g and derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. Dietary treatments were offered to pigs during growing and finishing periods. Measurements were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and carcass characteristics. The PCPRO and/or NCPRO increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during growing (p < 0.10), finishing (p < 0.05), and growing-finishing periods (p < 0.10) compared with PC. Furthermore, pigs fed PCPRO and NCPRO had higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of CP and energy during growing and/or finishing periods than those fed PC. In conclusion, the supplementation of PRO in diets improved growth performance and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs.