• 제목/요약/키워드: Feed Resources

검색결과 1,023건 처리시간 0.028초

Effects of Condensed Tannins in Mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) Seed Meal on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Nitrogen Utilization in Goats

  • Gunun, P.;Wanapat, M.;Gunun, N.;Cherdthong, A.;Sirilaophaisan, S.;Kaewwongsa, W.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제29권8호
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    • pp.1111-1119
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    • 2016
  • Mao seed is a by-product of the wine and juice industry, which could be used in animal nutrition. The current study was designed to determine the effect of supplementation of mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) seed meal (MOSM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on rumen fermentation, nitrogen (N) utilization and microbial protein synthesis in goats. Four crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats with initial body weight (BW) $20{\pm}2kg$ were randomly assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were MOSM supplementation at 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% of total dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. During the experimental periods, all goats were fed a diet containing roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 at 3.0% BW/d and pangola grass hay was used as a roughage source. Results showed that supplementation with MOSM did not affect feed intake, nutrient intakes and apparent nutrient digestibility (p>0.05). In addition, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were not influenced by MOSM supplementation, whilst blood urea nitrogen was decreased quadraticly (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with MOSM at 2.4% of total DM intake. Propionate was increased linearly with MOSM supplementation, whereas acetate and butyrate were remained the same. Moreover, estimated ruminal methane ($CH_4$) was decreased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Numbers of bacteria and protozoa were similar among treatments (p>0.05). There were linear decreases in urinary N (p<0.01) and total N excretion (p<0.01) by MOSM supplementation. Furthermore, N retention was increased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM supplementation at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Microbial protein synthesis were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). From the current study, it can be concluded that supplementation of MOSM at 1.6% to 2.4% of total DM intake can be used to modify ruminal fermentation, especially propionate and N utilization in goats, without affecting the nutrient digestibility, microbial populations and microbial protein synthesis.

The Effects of Rhodobacter capsulatus KCTC-2583 on Cholesterol Metabolism, Egg Production and Quality Parameters during the Late Laying Periods in Hens

  • Lokhandea, Anushka;Ingale, S.L.;Lee, S.H.;Kim, J.S.;Lohakare, J.D.;Chae, B.J.;Kwon, I.K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.831-837
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    • 2013
  • An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Rhodobacter capsulatus KCTC-2583 on egg-yolk and serum cholesterol, egg production and quality parameters during the late laying periods in hens. A total of 160 Hy-Line Brown layers (54 wk-old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups on the basis of laying performance. Each treatment had 4 replicates with 10 birds each (40 birds per treatment). Two hens were confined individually with cage size $35{\times}35{\times}40$ cm and each 10 birds (5 cages) shared a common feed trough between them forming one experimental unit. Dietary treatments were; basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% R. capsulatus KCTC-2583. Experimental diets were fed in meal form for 56 d. Dietary supplementation of increasing levels of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583 reduced (linear, p<0.05) egg-yolk cholesterol and triglycerides (d 28, 42 and 56) concentrations. Also, serum cholesterol and triglycerides (d 21, 42 and 56) concentrations were linearly reduced (p<0.05) with increasing dietary R. capsulatus KCTC-2583. Laying hens fed a diet supplemented with increasing levels of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583 had increased (linear; p<0.05) overall egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed efficiency. However, dietary treatments had no effect (linear or quadratic; p>0.05) on feed intake of laying hens. At d 28 and 56, breaking strength and yolk colour of eggs were linearly improved (p<0.05) in laying hens fed dietary increasing levels of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583. Dietary treatment had no effects (linear or quadratic; p>0.05) on albumin height, shell thickness and shell weight at any period of experiment. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583 has the potential to improve the laying hen performance and lead to the development of low cholesterol eggs during late laying period in Hy-Line Brown hens.

Digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen balance with various feeding levels of oil palm fronds treated with Lentinus sajor-caju in goats

  • Hamchara, Puwadon;Chanjula, Pin;Cherdthong, Anusorn;Wanapat, Metha
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제31권10호
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    • pp.1619-1626
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    • 2018
  • Objective: This study was an attempt to investigate the effect of levels of fungal (Lentinus sajor-caju) treated oil palm fronds (FTOPF) on digestibility, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods: Four 16 month old male crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats with initial body weights of $33.5{\pm}1.7kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Four levels of FTOPF were assigned for feed intake. The experimental treatments consisted of 0%, 33%, 67%, and 100% of oil palm fronds (OPF) being replaced by FTOPF. Results: The results revealed that total dry matter intake and nutrient intake were not influenced (p>0.05) by the inclusion of FTOPF. However, the efficiency values of the digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin on FTOPF were higher (p<0.05) in treatments with 33%, 67%, and 100% of FTOPF compared with 0% of FTOPF. FTOPF feeding did not change the rumen pH, temperature, and $NH_3-N$. However, the FTOPF levels did affect the total volatile fatty acid (VFA), molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate, ratio of acetic (propionic acid and acetic) plus butyric (propionic acid), and production of $CH_4$. The totals of VFA and propionate was lower in goat fed with 0% of FTOPF than in those of the other groups (p<0.05). The amount of nitrogen retention based on g/d/animal or the percentage of nitrogen retained was the lowest the goat fed with 0% of FTOPF (p<0.05), whereas nitrogen intake, excretion, and absorption were not changed among treatments. Conclusion: Based on this study, FTOPF could be effectively used as an alternative roughage source in total mixed ration diets, constituting at least up to 100% of OPF.

음식폐기물의 양돈사료 자원화를 위한 처리공정 및 사료가치 평가 (Processing Method and Feed Value of Food Wastes as Swine Feed Resources)

  • 정우진;이정채;김태환;임계택
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.44-50
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    • 2000
  • MS균을 이용한 음식폐기물의 효율적인 처리 방법의 모색과 양돈사료 자원화를 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 처리방법에 따른 사료성상, 조성분, 광물질 및 유해 중금속을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. MS균을 처리하기전 수거된 음식폐기물은 그 배출원과 수집일에 따라 성상 및 조성분 성분이 다양하였으며, 음식폐기물 집하장에서 건조처리전 수거된 시료의 수분 함량은 계절적 요인에 크게 영향을 받았다. MS균에 의한 발효 공정을 거친 후 음식폐기물의 악취가 거의 소멸되었고, 사료로서의 좋은 성상을 보여주었다. 특히, 조지방 및 조단백질 함량이 높은 사료자원으로 평가되었다. MS균 처리 후 음식폐기물의 광물질 함량 분석결과 다량원소 (특히 칼슘)의 함량이 곡류나 농산부산물보다 높았다. 전반적으로 다른 식물성 및 동물성 단미사료원에 비해 균형있는 광물질 구성 및 함량을 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. MS균 처리 전과 후 처리과정 중 음식폐기물내의 중금속 분석결과 수은, 비소, 불소 및 크롬은 미검출되었고 납과 카드뮴은 미량존재하나 배합사료내 허용범위에 훨씬 낮은 수준을 함유하고 있어 사료자원으로의 재활용함에 있어 안전한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 음식폐기물의 성상 및 사료성분을 고려할 때, 적절한 처리 및 발효공정을 통해 양돈사료자원으로서 재활용될 수 있는 충분한 가치가 있음을 제시한다.

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사료 내 대사 에너지 수준 차이가 계통이 다른 육계의 성장과 도체 특성에 미치는 영향 (Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Two Different Broiler Strains by Different Levels of Metabolizable Energy)

  • 김종설;권정택;김제헌;오성택;이보근;정란;정문성;안병기;강창원
    • 한국가금학회지
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.195-205
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    • 2012
  • 본 실험은 사료 내 대사에너지의 수준별 급여가 R계통 육계와 국내에 새로이 도입된 신계통인 A계통 육계의 성장 능력과 도체 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 사료 내 대사에너지는 2,950, 3,050, 3,150 및 3,250 kcal/kg의 4가지 수준으로 하였으며, 조단백질/유효라이신 함량은 전기(1~21일령)에는 21.0/1.1%로, 후기(22~38일령)에는 19.0/1.0% 수준으로 동일하게 적용하여 총 2계통 4처리 5반복으로 팬당 25수씩 배치하였다. 처리구간 에너지 수준은 Cobb-vantress(2008), Aviagen(2007), 한국사양표준(2007) 및 NRC(1994)의 육계 에너지 요구량을 참조하였다. 실험 사료는 익스팬더-펠렛 가공하여 제조하였으며, 원료는 옥수수, 소맥, 대두박, 수지박 및 우지 등을 이용하여 국내의 상업용 육계 사료와 유사하게 제조하였다. 증체율은 사료 에너지 수준이 낮은 급여구(2,950, 3,050 kcal/kg)에서 우수한 경향을 보였지만, 22~38일령을 제외한 일당 증체율에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 두 계통의 육계 모두에서 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 사료 섭취량은 감소하였고, 3,250 kcal/kg 수준 처리구에서 사료 요구율 1.48로 가장 우수하였다(p<0.05). 가슴육 및 복강지방의 상대적인 비율은 에너지 수준이 증가하는 것과 상호작용(interaction)이 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 도체율은 에너지 수준에 따라 유의한 차이가 발견되었다(p<0.01). 에너지 수준이 혈중 콜레스테롤 및 간 기능 관련 효소의 활성에 미치는 영향은 크게 나타나지 않았다. 두 가지 육계 계통 간의 에너지 수준 증가에 따른 성장 성적 결과는 증체량과 사료 섭취량에서 R계통이 A계통보다 우수하였으나(p<0.05), 사료 효율에서는 통계적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 실험 결과, 사육 전 기간에 걸쳐 3,200 kcal/kg인 NRC (1994)의 대사에너지 권장량은 증체율 및 경제성을 고려할 때 불리한 것으로 보인 반면, Cobb-Vantress(2008)과 Aviagen (2007)의 대사에너지 권장 수준이 적절할 것으로 보인다. 따라서 육계 수평아리의 증체율과 사료 요구율 개선을 위해서는 계통과 사육 기간에 따라 다양한 수준의 에너지를 검토 하여야 할 것으로 사료되며, 증체율 개선을 위해 사육 전기(0~21일령)에 저에너지 수준인 2,950~3,050 kcal/kg 수준이 유리할 것으로 보이며, 사료 요구율을 낮추기 위해서는 사육후기(28일령 이후)에 사료의 에너지 수준을 약 3,150~3,250 kcal/kg으로 증가시키는 것이 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. 도체성적에 있어서 가슴육 및 복강지방의 상대적인 비율은 에너지 수준이 증가하는 것과 상호작용(interaction)이 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 도체율에서 유의한 변화가 있는 결과로 보아 에너지 수준이 도체 특성에 다소 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. 또한 에너지 수준의 증가는 사료 비용을 증가시켜 수익성이 낮아질 가능성이 있으므로 영양소 수준 설계 시 경제성을 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 두 가지 육계의 계통을 비교한 결과, R계통이 새로이 국내에 도입된 A계통의 육계에 비해 사료 요구율의 차이는 크지 않지만, 성장 능력 및 경제성이 더 우수하다고 판단된다.

반응표면분석법을 이용한 홍시와 우유혼합물의 최적 분무건조 조건 (Optimization of spray drying conditions of soft persimmon and milk mixture using response surface methodology)

  • 박미정;김상범;김진숙;김경미;최송이;장미;김기창
    • 한국식품저장유통학회지
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    • 제24권7호
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    • pp.957-964
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    • 2017
  • 본 연구는 홍시라떼 분말화의 최적조건 설정을 위하여 반응표면분석법(RSM)을 이용하였으며, 독립변수는 inlet temperature($X_1$), air flow rate($X_2$), 시료의 공급속도인 feed flow rate($X_3$)로 설정하고 종속변수로는 회수량($Y_1$), 수분흡수지수($Y_2$), total phenolic compounds($Y_3$)로 설정하였다. 각 종속변수에 따른 회귀식은 모두 p<0.001 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 홍시라떼의 경우 과당이 풍부하여 분말의 부착성이 높기 때문에 유리전이 온도와 입자의 표면 온도차이가 낮을수록 회수량은 높아졌으며, 분말의 결정성과 응집성은 증가하여 수분흡수지수는 낮아졌다. 또한 낮은 inlet temperature($X_1$)와 높은 feed flow rate($X_3$)는 입자의 표면 온도와 열의 접촉 시간을 모두 낮추어 total phenolic compounds의 손실을 최소화 하였다. 각 독립변수와 종속변수의 영향을 나타내는 반응표면그래프를 이용하여 최적 분말화 조건을 예측한 결과 inlet temperature($X_1$) $90^{\circ}C$, air flow rate($X_2$) 53 mL/min, feed flow rate($X_3$) 17.00 mL/min로 결정되었다.

TRADITIONAL PIG FARMING IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC: PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY

  • Ochetim, S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.347-360
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    • 1993
  • The project was undertaken to provide information on the present system of traditional pig farming in the South Pacific region, to identify the problems currently limiting productivity of such pigs and to offer practical strategies which could be used for increasing productivity of the animals. The problems were identified by surveying some 220 subsistence pig farms in eleven island countries in the South Pacific region using a prepared questionnaire. The units were found to be generally small, consisting of about 2-4 sows per herd. The productivity of the units as assessed in terms of sow reproductive efficiency was rather low, being only about 7.5. Feed, housing, breeding, disease, marketing, lack of capital, technical know-how and existing social traditions were identified as current constraints. Based on three of the most limiting factors identified namely feed, housing and breeding, strategies for improvement were developed on the basis of better and more effective use of locally available feed resources, better housing and genetic improvement through crossbreeding programmes. These improvement strategies were tested as a package model on some ten farms in two of the island countries. The results of these on-farm trials indicated that using the improvement strategies increased sow reproductive efficiency by approximately 60 percent, to nearly 12. The significance of these findings in the overall management of traditionally raised pigs in the South Pacific region is discussed.

Environmental Challenges of Animal Agriculture and the Role and Task of Animal Nutrition in Environmental Protection - Review -

  • Chen, Daiwen
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.423-431
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    • 2001
  • Animals are one of the important memberships of the food chain. The low-efficiency rule of nutrient transfer from one member to the next in the food chain determines the low efficiency of animal agriculture for human food. On the average, about 20% feed proteins and 15% feed energy can be converted into edible nutrients for humans. The rest proportion of feed nutrients is exposed to the environment. Environmental pollution, therefore, is inevitable as animal agriculture grows intensively and extensively. The over-loading of the environment by nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus from animal manure results in soil and water spoilage. The emission of gases like $CH_2$, $CO_2$, $SO_2$, NO, $NO_2$ by animals are one of the contributors for the acidification of the environment and global warming. The inefficient utilization of natural resources and the probable unsafety of animal products to human health are also a critical environmental issue. Improving the conversion efficiency of nutrients in the food chain is the fundamental strategy for solving environmental issues. Specifically in animal agriculture, the strategy includes the improvements of animal genotypes, nutritional and feeding management, animal health, housing systems and waste disposal programs. Animal nutrition science plays a unique and irreplaceable role in the control of nutrient input and output in either products or wastes. Several nutritional methods are proved to be effective in alleviating environmental pollution. A lot of nutritional issues, however, remain to be further researched for the science of animal nutrition to be a strong helper for sustainability of animal agriculture.

Balantidium honghuensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Trichostomatidae) from the Rectum of Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis from Honghu Lake, China

  • Li, Ming;Li, Weidong;Zhang, Lei;Wang, Chong
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제51권4호
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    • pp.427-432
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    • 2013
  • A new trichostome ciliate, Balantidium honghuensis n. sp., was isolated from the recta of Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis during parasite surveys in Honghu Lake, Hubei Province, central China in summmer of 2010 and 2011. Its detailed morphometric characters based on LM and SEM studies were described herein. The organism is oval in shape and thickly ciliated. The vestibulum is "V" shaped and occupies about 1/3 to 2/5 of the body length. The vestibular and nearby regions possess strong peripheral fibers which form a marked axial fiber about the cytopharynx. More than 10 contractile vacuoles are distributed along the periphery of the latter body. Comparisions were made between this new species and B. sinensis Nie, 1935. They were discriminated from each other in terms of general body forms, body size, and vestibulum shapes. Besides, special attention was paid to its high-speed daughter swarmers which we believed to be the infective stage of B. honghuensis. Possible infection routes of anura amphibian balantidia were discussed.

Characterization of Dietary Energy in Swine Feed and Feed Ingredients: A Review of Recent Research Results

  • Velayudhan, D.E.;Kim, I.H.;Nyachoti, C.M.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2015
  • Feed is single most expensive input in commercial pork production representing more than 50% of the total cost of production. The greatest proportion of this cost is associated with the energy component, thus making energy the most important dietary in terms of cost. For efficient pork production, it is imperative that diets are formulated to accurately match dietary energy supply to requirements for maintenance and productive functions. To achieve this goal, it is critical that the energy value of feeds is precisely determined and that the energy system that best meets the energy needs of a pig is used. Therefore, the present review focuses on dietary supply and needs for pigs and the available energy systems for formulating swine diets with particular emphasis on the net energy system. In addition to providing a more accurate estimate of the energy available to the animal in an ingredient and the subsequent diet, diets formulated using the this system are typically lower in crude protein, which leads to additional benefits in terms of reduced nitrogen excretion and consequent environmental pollution. Furthermore, using the net energy system may reduce diet cost as it allows for increased use of feedstuffs containing fibre in place of feedstuffs containing starch. A brief review of the use of distiller dried grains with solubles in swine diets as an energy source is included.