• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors consumers seriously considered when purchasing HMRs and the difference among the factors according to their demographic characteristics. The subjects were adults in their twenties or older who had used HMRs and lived in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in Korea. Random sampling picked 550 of them, who were distributed a questionnaire from March 12 to 30, 2005. Total 451 questionnaires were returned(the return rates were 82%). The validity of the 27 features was examined by factor analysis. There were seven factors identified, and they were labeled considering the meaning of their items as follows: 'Factor 1. food quality,' 'Factor 2. appearance and packaging,' 'Factor 3. convenience and reliability,' 'Factor 4. access,' 'Factor 5. familiarity,' 'Factor 6. positive experiences,' and 'Factor 7. practicality.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.460-469
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• 2006

This article complies a survey on the replacement of the posterior restorations and accesses possible factors that influence the replacement of posterior restorations. The data was collected from patients that visited department of conservative dentistry from Dec 1st 2003, to Sep 3rd 2004. Teeth was restricted to posterior permanent teeth. 9 dentists recorded age, gender of patients, tooth location, cavity farm and restorative material. They rated marginal adaptation, anatomic form, secondary caries of old restoration by modified Ryge criteria system. The statistical analysis was performed with Chi square test (p < 0.05) for replacement ratio according to patients, tooth factor and One way ANOVA was performed for comparison of old restoration according to restorative material. The results were as follows; 1. The female (62%) was statistically higher ratio than the male (38%). 2. The distribution of replacement case according to age, the rate of replacement was in descending order, 20's (38.3%), 40's (16.8%), 30's (15.9%), 10's (11.1%), 50's (9.2%), 60's (8.7%). 3. The rate of replacement was 88% for molar and 12% for premolar (p $gt; 0.05). 4. The rate of replacement was 39% for maxillar and 61% for mandible (p $gt; 0.05). 5. The material of restorations was amalgam (69%), gold inlay (17%), composite resin (13%). 6. In rating system by modified Ryge criteria system on margin adaptation, there was statistically significant difference between amalgam and gold inlay. But on anatomic form and caries, there was no statistically significant difference among the material of restorations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.282-290
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• 2013

In this study, the adjustment range of mixture factor with replacement mineral admixture was reviewed to secure the mixture change data of high volume concrete compared to general concrete. When changing the concrete mix to high volume concrete within the universal concrete mixing, the adjustment range of mixture to ensure optimum quality is as follows. Unit-water content is $20{\sim}30kg/m^3$ downward. Fine aggregate ratio dropped by approximately 1% when W/B was reduced by 5%, and it is reduced by approximately 0.12% when there is a 5% increase in the total replacement rate. When the FA replacement rate was increased by 5%, the AE agent was approximately 20% to 30% higher compared with the conventional one. When the FA and BS replacement rate rose by 5%, W/B was reduced by about 1 to 4%.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.233-244
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• 2020

Purpose: The study investigated pain and falls as psychological factors in Total Knee Replacement patients and examined the relationship between these factors. Methods: Ninety-six total knee replacement patients aged 69.31±7.01 (male: 21, female: 75) participated in the study. Post-surgery pain was assessed on a visual analog scale, and fall risk scores were evaluated on fall fear and fall efficacy scales. Other psychological factors assessed included national anxiety and trail anxiety, fear prevention, Beck depression score, and psychological health measures. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: A statistically significant correlation was found between pain before surgery and FES fall fear score before surgery (p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between pain after surgery and PWBS fall fear score after surgery (p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between state anxiety and PWBS, Trail anxiety (p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was also found between trail anxiety and BDI, PWBS (p < 0.05). State anxiety and fear avoidance before surgery were found to affect trail anxiety, and pain before surgery and fall fear score before surgery were found to affect FES. In addition, PWBS was found to affect BDI. Conclusion: The study confirms that increased pain in Total Knee Replacement patients can be a risk factor for falls. In addition, fall fears increase fear avoidance and cause psychological deterioration. This suggests that efforts should be made to reduce pain and to manage psychological factors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.554-570
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and test a structural equation model of health-related quality of life among older women following bilateral total knee replacement based on a literature review and Wilson and Cleary's model of health-related quality of life. Methods: One hundred ninety three women who were diagnosed with osteoarthritis, were older than 65 years, and were between 13 weeks and 12 months of having a bilateral total knee replacement were recruited from an outpatient clinic. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2018 using a structured questionnaire and medical records. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0, AMOS 22.0, and Smart PLS 3.2.4. Results: The fitness of the hypothetical model was good, with coefficients of determination (R²) ranging between .28 and .75 and predictive relevance (Q²) between .26 and .73. The standardized root mean square residual of the model fit indices for the hypothetical model was .04; which explained 64.2% of physical and 62.5% of mental health-related quality of life. Self-efficacy, symptom status, functional status, and general health perceptions had a significant direct effect on physical health-related quality of life, while social support, symptom status, and general health perceptions had a significant direct effect on participants' mental-health-related quality of life. Conclusion: To improve the physical and mental quality of life of older women who receive bilateral knee replacement, nursing-based intervention strategies that reduce symptoms, improve functional status, and increase health perceptions, self-efficacy, and social support are needed. The most important factor is the symptom status.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.361-371
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• 2002

Multifunctionality of agriculture has been an important international issue in terms of environmental benefits and public concerns. We calculated soil loss mass in national basis using the USLE, and attempted to evaluate its economical benefits by replacement cost method. Soil loss mass ranged from 1.4 to $18MT\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ was fairly fitted to measured values for 13 cropping systems. In national basis, the factors in USLE were evaluated as: 429.4 for rainfall and runoff factor. R, 0.15 for soil erodibility factor, K, 1.72 for topographic factor, LS, 0.275 for cover and management factor, C, and 0.856 for support practice factor, P. The soil loss estimated from upland farming using the USLE was $26.1MT\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, but soil loss from the bare soil was $110.8MT\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, the ratio of soil loss from upland farming to bare soil was 23 percents. Function of reducing soil loss in comparison with the bare soil was $84.7MT\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, of which national soil loss mass was 62.6 million MT per annum in south Korea. Agriculture economic replacement cost of soil loss reduction was 497 billion Wons(398 million dollars) for the cost of upland soil dressing. For conservational purposes to increase the environmental benefits of upland farming, the agricultural practice including contour, strip cropping, terracing and division ditches should be implemented.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.7
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• pp.1380-1385
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• 2009

This paper was studied about the aging judgment method by ultraviolet rays image to happen in electric power equipment using ultraviolet rays camera. We established the aging judgment method as follows; 20% within of risk factor of insulation state of electrical facility that ultraviolet rays image does not show is "good or recognition". 30$^{\sim}$50% within of risk factor is "check", 50$^{\sim}$60% within of risk factor is "inspection" and 60% above of risk factor is "replacement". This method will be utilized for the inspection about electrical facilities.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.116-124
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the replacement levels of grinded fly-ash on the repaired mortar based on a polymer. The main parameters are the curing temperature and replacement levels of grinded fly-ash. The curing temperature and the replacement levels of grinded fly-ash are varied at $40^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$, and between 0% and 35% of the total binder by weight, respectively. The flow in fresh mortar and compressive strengths according to ages, the relationship of stress-strain, elastic modulus and modulus rupture in hardened mortar, as well as scanning the electron microscopy and the X-ray diffraction of mortar, were measured, respectively. The test results showed that the flow, elastic modulus and modulus rupture are great in mortar specimens with 20~30% of the replacement levels of grinded fly-ash. In addition, compressive strengths according to ages were affected by the replacement levels of grinded fly-ash and the curing temperature indicated that the strength development ratio of mortar with 20% of the replacement levels of grinded fly-ash was greater than others. In the prediction of the compressive strength specified by the ACI 209 code, the strength development at an early and late age can be generalized by the functions of the replacement levels of grinded fly-ash and the curing temperature. In the analysis of scanning the electron microscopy and the X-ray diffraction, the number and intensity of peaks increased and the form of CSH gels on the surface of the particle of grinded fly-ash was observed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.207-220
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• 2009

This study investigates the obstacles to implementing family-friendly policies and offering flexible work arrangements and provides policy directions. A survey was conducted of employers at 147 firms, resulting in 42-43 questionnaires being statistically analyzed. Frequencies, means and factor analysis were conducted by SPSSWIN 12.0. The findings are as follows: First, the main obstacle to implementing family-friendly policies was the burden of cost. Second, eight obstacle factors were extracted through factor analysis. They are; lack of replacement workers and concerns about equity issues, nonfamily-friendly culture, no guarantee of the effectiveness of programs, lack of information about the programs or polices, lack of communication and public relations, potential loss of productivity, administrative hassles, and structural obstacles. Third, there was a difference in implementing flexible work arrangements according to the factors of lack of replacement workers and concerns about equity issues and no guarantee of the effectiveness of programs. That is, the firms which didn't have these two obstacles tried to implement flexible work arrangements more than the others.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2016

PURPOSES : The applicability of the mechanics-based similarity concept (suggested by Feng et al.) for determining scaled variables, including length and load, via laboratory-scale tests and discrete element analysis, was evaluated. METHODS: Several studies on the similarity concept were reviewed. The exact scaling approach, a similarity concept described by Feng, was applied in order to determine an analytical solution of a free-falling ball. This solution can be considered one of the simplest conditions for discrete element analysis. RESULTS : The results revealed that 1) the exact scaling approach can be used to determine the scale of variables in laboratory tests and numerical analysis, 2) applying only a scale factor, via the exact scaling approach, is inadequate for the error-free replacement of small particles by large ones during discrete element analysis, 3) the level of continuity of flowable materials such as SCC and cement mortar seems to be an important criterion for evaluating the applicability of the similarity concept, and 4) additional conditions, such as the kinetics of particle, contact model, and geometry, must be taken into consideration to achieve the maximum radius of replacement particles during discrete element analysis. CONCLUSIONS : The concept of similarity is a convenient tool to evaluate the correspondence of scaled laboratory test or numerical analysis to physical condition. However, to achieve excellent correspondence, additional factors, such as the kinetics of particles, contact model, and geometry, must be taken into consideration.