• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 1983

The soft tissue covering of the face plays an important role in facial esthetics, speech and other physiologic functions. Thus, it is recognised by all clinical orthodontists that success of orthodontic treatment is closely related to the changes in soft tissues of the face. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of bony and soft tissues in prepost treatment of Angle's Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 18 males and 37 females, pretreatment age of 9 years to 11 years. For this study 11 landmarks were plotted, 14 linear length, 4 soft tissue thickness and 2 angles were measured. The obtained results were as follows; 1. In the linear measurements of bony and soft tissue changes, A, Is, Ss, Ls and Li were located more anteriorly in both sexes. However Si and B showed more remarkable anterior movement in female. 2. In the comparison of the changes of the soft tissue thickness, Ss and Li in male subjects and Ss in female subjects increased. 3. In the degree of correlation between changes in the soft tissue profile and changes in the skeletal profile, Is: Ls, Il: Li and B: Si in both sexes had significant correlations. However A:Ss had remarkable significant correlation in female. 4. There were significant correlations between change in ${\angle}A$ and change in ${\angle}B$ in all sexes. 5. There were little correlation between changes in distance difference of Is and Ii and Change in distance difference of Ls and Li in all sexes.

• 치과방사선
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1972

A roentgenographic cephalometric study was made on the soft and hard tissue profile of Korean adults. The subject consisted of 52 males and 54 females from 17 to 22 years of age and with normal occlusion and acceptable profile. Twenty one landmarks were plotted and two oriented lines named SnH line and SnV line were drawn on the tracings of all cephalograms. The means and the standard deviations from the subjects were calculated in each measuring category and the means were compared with those of male and femal samples. The results were obtained as follow: 1. In depth and height, individual variations and sex differences of the lower facial profile were larger than the upper face. 2. The sex differences of upper facial profile were larger in height than depth. 3. The individual variations and sex differences of the top of nose were the smallest in all measuring points. 4. The thickness of the soft tissue of upper face and upper lip in male sample were larger than those of female, but the same matter were not found in mental region.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1983

The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to produce functional occlusion and to create or maintain facial esthetic harmony. The soft-tissue covering of the face also plays an important role in facial esthetics, speech and other physiologic functions. The study of the soft-tissue profile is important for the planning of orthodontic treatment. The author studied cephalometric X-ray films on 49 patients (23boys, 26 girls) with Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion, ranged from 9 to 13 years of age. Roentgenocephalmetric X-ray films were taken pre and post orthodontic care. Tracings were made in usual manner. The obtained results were as follow. 1. There was no significant sexual difference on mean changes. 2. In the comparison of the soft-tissue thickness changes, Ls-Ls' and Si-Si' in male subjects were remarkable. 9. There were significant correlations between osseous (Ss') change and soft-tissue (Ss) chang, of maxilla in male and female subjects subsequent to orthodontic treatment. 4. The ratios between the protraction of the Ss' and that of the Ss were 1:1.5 in all sexes, the ratios between the Si' and that of the Si were 1:1.4 in male and 1:1.2 in female. 5. There were significant correlations between maxillary central incise. angulation change $({\angle}A)$ and upper lip inclination change $({\angle}B)$ in all sexes. 6. There were little correlations between change in distance difference of Is and Ii and change in distance difference of Ls and Li in all sexes in all sexes.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2021

Purpose: For minimally invasive procedures, three-dimensional (3D) anatomical knowledge of the structures of the face is essential. This study aimed to describe the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and depths of the facial muscles located in the infraorbital region using a 3D scanner to provide critical clinical anatomical guidelines for improving minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Materials and Methods: The 3D scanning images of 38 Korean cadavers (22 males and 16 females; age range: 51~94 years at the time of death) were analyzed. Eight facial landmarks (P1~P8) were marked on the cadaveric faces. The images were scanned in three steps-undissected face, hemiface after skinning, and revealing the facial muscles. Student's t-test was used to identify significant differences. Result: The skin and subcutaneous tissue tended to become thicker from the upper to lower and medial to lateral aspects, and the muscles followed the same pattern as that of the most superficial located muscle and the deepest located muscles. No significant sex-related differences were found in the skin at any landmark. However, the muscles tended to be deeper in the female participants. Conclusion: The study data can serve as a basis for creating or enhancing clinical anatomy-based guidelines or improving procedures in the infraorbital region.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.101-114
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• 2000

한국인 성인에서 연령 증가에 따른 연조직 측모 변화 양상을 규명하기 위하여 남자 17명과 여자 8명을 대상으로 24세와 32세에 촬영된 측모 두부X-선 규격사진을 비교, 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 관찰 기간 동안, 남녀 모두 경조직에서는 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 없었다 (p>0.05). 2. 연조직의 전후적 계측치에서 남자는 턱부위 (Pog', Gn')의 유의한 증가를, 여자는 하순 (LI)의 유의한 감소를 관찰할 수 있었다 (p<0.05). 3. 연조직의 수직적 계측치에서 남녀 모두 상순의 길이 (Sn-Sto) 가 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 남자에서만 나타났고 하안면 고경 (Sn-Gn') 은 남녀 모두에서 유의하게 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 4. 연조직 두께는 남녀 모두 전체적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 특히 턱부위 (Pog', Gn') 에서 유의한 증가가 있었다 (P<0.05).

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the vertical changes of the lip and perioral soft tissue, following orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III patients by a cephalometric analysis of a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A total of 20 skeletal class III patients, who had bimaxillary surgery with Le Fort 1 osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy, were included in this study. The surgical plan for maxilla was posterosuperior impaction with the anterior nasal spine, as the rotation center. Further, the surgical plan for mandible was also posterosuperior movement. The soft tissue changes between lateral cephalogram and CBCT were compared. And the correlations between independent variables and dependent variables were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences of the soft tissues changes between lateral cephalogram and CBCT. Upper lip philtrum length (SnLs), nasolabial angle increased and upper lip vermilion length (LsStms), lower lip length (StmiB'), lower lip vermilion length (StmiLi), lower lip philtrum length (LiB') and soft tissue lower facial height (SnMe') decreased after surgery. Change of SnLs (${\Delta}$SnLs) was influenced by vertical change of menton (${\Delta}$MeV), and change of LsStms (${\Delta}$LsStms) was influenced by upper lip thickness (ULT). Change of StmiLi' (${\Delta}$StmiLi') were influenced by preoperative overjet. Change of StmiB' (${\Delta}$StmiB') were influenced by preoperative overjet, vertical change of lower incisor (${\Delta}$L1V) and horizontal change of posterior nasal spine (${\Delta}$PNSH). Change of LiB' (${\Delta}$LiB') was influenced by ${\Delta}$L1V and ${\Delta}$PNSH. Change of SnMe' (${\Delta}$SnMe') was influenced by ${\Delta}$MeV, horizontal change of upper incisor (${\Delta}$U1H) and horizontal change of lower incisor (${\Delta}$L1H). ${\Delta}$Nasolabial angle was influenced by change of ULT (${\Delta}$ULT). Conclusion: Both soft tissues and hard tissues can be evaluated by CBCT. Posterosuperior rotation of maxillomandibular complex resulted in increase of upper lip philtrum length and nasolabial angle, while the upper lip vermilion length, lower lip philtrum length, lower lip vermilion length, and soft tissue lower facial height showed a decrease.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.174-177
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• 2022

Facial degloving injuries are due to separation between the skin and subcutaneous tissues from the underlying muscles, bones, and fascia. These injuries often create a reconstructive challenge for surgeons especially when there are associated complications like wound infection or necrosis of the avulsed flap. This case report presents management of a case of facial degloving injury with full thickness necrosis of the avulsed flap. The authors concluded that treatment of such complex wounds requires a multi-disciplinary approach along with proper planning and staging of the surgical procedures for optimum aesthetic and functional outcomes.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.197-208
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• 1997

본 연구는 골격성 III 급 부정교합 환자에서 하악골 후방이동수술을 시행하였을 때 경, 연조직 변화를 관찰하고 수술전후의 경, 연조직 변화의 상관성을 산출하여 교정-악교정 수술 복합 치료 계획의 수립과 결과의 예측에 이용하고자 하였다. 영남의료원 치과에 내원하여 상하악골의 수직적인 부조화는 경미하고 전후방적인 부조화가 심한 골격성 III급 부정교합으로 진단되어 수술전 교정치료를 받고 1989년 10월부터 1997년 1월 중에 하악골 시상분할 골절단술로 하악골의 후방이동을 시행한 성인 환자 25명(남자 12명, 여자 13명)을 대상으로 수술전후 측모두부방사선사진을 계측, 분석하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. 하악골의 시상분할 골절단술로 하악골의 후방이동에 따른 하안면부의 연조직의 수평적인 후방 이동은 상당한 유의성을 가지고 나타났으나 수직적인 변화는 거의 없었다. 2. 하악골의 시상분할 골절단술로 하악골의 후방이동을 시행한 경우 상순의 상대적인 돌출도는 증가하고 (p<0.01) 하순의 상대적인 돌출도는 감소하였으며(p<0.01) 하악골 전방부의 연조직의 두께는 증가하였다(99% 유의수준).

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 1977

Extensive avulsion of the scalp, or stripping of a large area of soft tissue from the skull, is a serious accidnet. The avulsed scalp is often injured otherwise, such as by crushing, tearing, or from multiple laceration. The surrounding skin may be devitalized. Replacement of the scalp is usually followed by necrosis and sloughing within a short time. In such instances, the outer table of the cranium may become sucessively exposed. dry, dead, and affected by osteomyelitis. Hence the securing of early healing to prevent these is of the utmost importance. The successful case of reimplantation of the completely avulsed scalp, which is exposured to air for about 14 hours, is reported, in which there was partial growth of hair afterwards. The avulsed scalp caused by her long hair being caught in a grain belt was contaminated with hairs & dust. Authors treated this 19-year old female patient by split thickness skin graft, intermediate skin graft, full thickness skin graft from her own avulsed scalp.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.281-293
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• 2014

Objective: Esthetic improvements during orthodontic treatment are achieved by changes in positions of the lips and surrounding soft tissues. Facial soft-tissue movement has already been two-dimensionally evaluated by cephalometry. In this study, we aimed to three-dimensionally assess positional changes of the adult upper lip according to simulated maxillary anterior tooth movements by white light scanning. Methods: We measured changes in three-dimensional coordinates of labial landmarks in relation to maxillary incisor movements of normal adults simulated with films of varying thickness by using a white light scanner. Results: With increasing protraction, the upper lip moved forward and significantly upward. Labial movement was limited by the surrounding soft tissues. The extent of movement above the vermilion border was slightly less than half that of the teeth, showing strong correlation. Most changes were concentrated in the depression above the upper vermilion border. Labial movement toward the nose was reduced significantly. Conclusions: After adequately controlling several variables and using white light scanning with high reproducibility and accuracy, the coefficient of determination showed moderate values (0.40-0.77) and significant changes could be determined. This method would be useful to predict soft-tissue positional changes according to tooth movements.